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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/access/AccessControl.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/Pausable.sol";
import "src/test/ERC20StablecoinUpgradeable.sol";
import "src/dusd/IssuerV2.sol";
import "src/dusd/RedeemerV2.sol";

// Fraxtal Multihop Router Interface (based on the FraxArb contract)
interface IFraxswapRouterMultihop {
    struct FraxswapParams {
        address tokenIn;
        uint256 amountIn;
        address tokenOut;
        uint256 amountOutMinimum;
        address recipient;
        uint256 deadline;
        bool approveMax;
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bytes route;
    }

    function swap(FraxswapParams memory params) external returns (uint256 amountOut);
    function encodeRoute(
        address tokenOut,
        uint256 percentOfHop,
        bytes[] memory steps,
        bytes[] memory nextHops
    ) external pure returns (bytes memory out);
    function encodeStep(
        uint8 swapType,
        uint8 directFundNextPool,
        uint8 directFundThisPool,
        address tokenOut,
        address pool,
        uint256 extraParam1,
        uint256 extraParam2,
        uint256 percentOfHop
    ) external pure returns (bytes memory out);
}


/**
 * @title FraxtalArbitrageHelper
 * @dev Advanced Arbitrage Helper using Fraxtal Multihop Router with dUSD Integration
 *
 * This contract facilitates sophisticated arbitrage operations with:
 * 1. Flash minting dUSD tokens for capital efficiency
 * 2. Fraxtal multihop routing through multiple DEXs (Curve, ERC4626, etc.)
 * 3. dUSD issuance and redemption arbitrage strategies
 * 4. Collateral-based circular arbitrage (Issue → Swap → Redeem)
 * 5. Advanced arbitrage strategies with packed parameters
 * 6. Gas optimizations and automatic profit distribution
 *
 * Arbitrage Strategies:
 * - Flash Loan + DEX: Flash mint dUSD → Swap → Profit
 * - Issue + DEX: Collateral → Issue dUSD → Swap → Redeem → More Collateral
 * - Redeem + DEX: Flash loan dUSD → Redeem → Swap collateral → Issue → Profit
 * - Circular: Issue → Multi-hop swap → Redeem → Net profit in collateral
 */
contract FraxtalArbitrageHelper is AccessControl, ReentrancyGuard, Pausable {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    /* Events */
    event ArbitrageExecuted(
        address indexed tokenIn,
        address indexed tokenOut,
        uint256 amountIn,
        uint256 amountOut,
        uint256 profit,
        string strategy
    );

    event FlashLoanArbitrageExecuted(
        address indexed tokenIn,
        address indexed tokenOut,
        uint256 flashLoanAmount,
        uint256 amountIn,
        uint256 amountOut,
        uint256 profit,
        string strategy
    );

    event IssueRedeemArbitrageExecuted(
        address indexed collateralAsset,
        uint256 collateralIn,
        uint256 dusdIssued,
        uint256 dusdRedeemed,
        uint256 collateralOut,
        uint256 profit,
        string strategy
    );

    event IssuerUpdated(address indexed oldIssuer, address indexed newIssuer);
    event RedeemerUpdated(address indexed oldRedeemer, address indexed newRedeemer);

    /* Errors */
    error ZeroAddress();
    error InsufficientDStableReceived(uint256 expected, uint256 actual);
    error FlashLoanRepaymentFailed();
    error UnauthorizedFlashLoan();
    error InvalidFlashLoanInitiator();
    error SlippageTooHigh(uint256 requestedSlippage, uint256 maxSlippage);
    error InsufficientCollateralReceived(uint256 expected, uint256 actual);
    error FlashLoanAmountExceedsMaximum(uint256 requested, uint256 maximum);
    error InvalidPathLength();
    error DeadlineExceeded();
    error ZeroDStableAmount();
    error NoSwapPathProvided();
    error InvalidSwapPathTokens();
    error InvalidFeeTier(uint24 feeTier);
    error InvalidIntermediateToken(address token);
    error AssetRedemptionPaused(address asset);
    error UniswapExactInputFailed(bytes reason);
    error FraxswapSwapFailed(bytes reason);
    error InvalidArbitrageParameters();
    error InsufficientProfit(uint256 expected, uint256 actual);
    error InsufficientDusdIssued(uint256 expected, uint256 actual);
    error InsufficientCollateralRedeemed(uint256 expected, uint256 actual);
    error ZeroCollateralAmount();
    error InvalidCollateralAsset();

    /* Roles */
    bytes32 public constant OPERATOR_ROLE = keccak256("OPERATOR_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant ARBITRAGE_ROLE = keccak256("ARBITRAGE_ROLE");

    /* Constants */
    uint256 public constant HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS = 10_000;
    uint256 public constant MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS = 2_000; // 20% maximum slippage

    /* State Variables */
    ERC20StablecoinUpgradeable public immutable dstable;
    IFraxswapRouterMultihop public immutable fraxswapRouter;
    IssuerV2 public issuer;
    RedeemerV2 public redeemer;

    /* Structs */
    struct ArbitrageParams {
        address tokenIn;
        address tokenOut;
        uint256 amountIn;
        uint256 minAmountOut;
        uint256 deadline;
        uint256 slippageBps;
        address profitTo;
        // Fraxtal multihop specific parameters
        bytes fraxswapRoute;
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bool approveMax;
    }

    struct FlashLoanArbitrageParams {
        address tokenIn;
        address tokenOut;
        uint256 flashLoanAmount;
        uint256 minAmountOut;
        uint256 deadline;
        uint256 slippageBps;
        address profitTo;
        // Fraxtal multihop route
        bytes fraxswapRoute;
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bool approveMax;
        // Optional fields for ISSUE operation when route ends in collateral
        address collateralAsset;      // The collateral asset if route ends in collateral (zero address if route ends in dUSD)
        uint256 minDusdFromIssue;     // Minimum dUSD to receive from ISSUE operation (for slippage protection)
    }

    struct PackedArbitrageParams {
        bytes packedData; // Compressed parameters for gas optimization
        address tokenIn;
        address tokenOut;
        uint256 amountIn;
        uint256 minAmountOut;
        uint256 deadline;
    }

    struct IssueSwapRedeemParams {
        address collateralAsset;      // Collateral to deposit for dUSD issuance
        uint256 collateralAmount;     // Amount of collateral to deposit
        uint256 minDusdIssued;        // Minimum dUSD to receive from issue
        uint256 minCollateralRedeemed; // Minimum collateral to receive from redemption
        uint256 deadline;
        uint256 slippageBps;
        address profitTo;
        bytes fraxswapRoute;          // Route for swapping through DEXs
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bool approveMax;
    }

    struct FlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams {
        address collateralAsset;      // Collateral asset to use
        uint256 flashLoanAmount;      // Amount of dUSD to flash loan
        uint256 minCollateralFromRedeem; // Min collateral from redeeming dUSD
        uint256 minDusdFromIssue;     // Min dUSD from issuing with swapped collateral
        uint256 deadline;
        uint256 slippageBps;
        address profitTo;
        bytes fraxswapRoute;          // Route for swapping collateral
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bool approveMax;
    }

    struct FlashLoanSwapIssueParams {
        address collateralAsset;          // Target collateral asset produced by swap
        uint256 flashLoanAmount;          // Amount of dUSD to flash loan
        uint256 minCollateralFromSwap;    // Min collateral after Fraxswap route
        uint256 minDusdFromIssue;         // Min dUSD from issuing with swapped collateral
        uint256 deadline;
        uint256 slippageBps;
        address profitTo;
        bytes fraxswapRoute;              // Route for swapping dUSD -> collateral
        uint8 v;
        bytes32 r;
        bytes32 s;
        bool approveMax;
    }

    constructor(
        address _dstable,
        address _fraxswapRouter,
        address _issuer,
        address _redeemer,
        address _operator
    ) {
        if (
            _dstable == address(0) ||
            _fraxswapRouter == address(0) ||
            _issuer == address(0) ||
            _redeemer == address(0) ||
            _operator == address(0)
        ) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }

        dstable = ERC20StablecoinUpgradeable(_dstable);
        fraxswapRouter = IFraxswapRouterMultihop(_fraxswapRouter);
        issuer = IssuerV2(_issuer);
        redeemer = RedeemerV2(_redeemer);

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
        _grantRole(OPERATOR_ROLE, _operator);
        _grantRole(ARBITRAGE_ROLE, _operator);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes flash loan arbitrage using dSTABLE flash minting
     * @param params Flash loan arbitrage parameters including routing options
     */
    function executeFlashLoanArbitrage(
        FlashLoanArbitrageParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        _validateFlashLoanArbitrageParams(params);

        // Check if flash loan is supported
        uint256 maxFlashLoan = dstable.maxFlashLoan(address(dstable));
        if (params.flashLoanAmount > maxFlashLoan) {
            revert FlashLoanAmountExceedsMaximum(params.flashLoanAmount, maxFlashLoan);
        }

        // Encode parameters for flash loan callback
        bytes memory data = abi.encode(params);

        // Execute flash loan with arbitrage callback
        dstable.flashLoan(
            IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable(address(this)),
            address(dstable),
            params.flashLoanAmount,
            data
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes arbitrage using Fraxswap multihop routing
     * @param params Arbitrage parameters including routing strategy
     */
    function executeArbitrage(
        ArbitrageParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(ARBITRAGE_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        _validateArbitrageParams(params);

        uint256 balanceBefore = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Approve input token to Fraxtal router
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), params.amountIn);

        // Execute Fraxtal multihop arbitrage
        _executeFraxswapArbitrage(params);

        uint256 balanceAfter = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));
        uint256 amountOut = balanceAfter - balanceBefore;

        if (amountOut < params.minAmountOut) {
            revert InsufficientDStableReceived(params.minAmountOut, amountOut);
        }

        // Calculate and distribute profit
        uint256 profit = _calculateAndDistributeProfit(
            params.tokenIn,
            params.tokenOut,
            params.amountIn,
            amountOut,
            params.profitTo
        );

        emit ArbitrageExecuted(
            params.tokenIn,
            params.tokenOut,
            params.amountIn,
            amountOut,
            profit,
            "Fraxtal-Multihop"
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes arbitrage using packed parameters for gas optimization
     * @param params Packed arbitrage parameters
     */
    function executePackedArbitrage(
        PackedArbitrageParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(ARBITRAGE_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        // Unpack the compressed parameters
        ArbitrageParams memory unpackedParams = _unpackArbitrageParams(params);

        // Execute the arbitrage
        _executeArbitrageInternal(unpackedParams);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes circular arbitrage: Issue dUSD → Swap → Redeem → Profit
     * @dev Strategy: Deposit collateral → Issue dUSD → Swap through DEXs → Redeem back to collateral
     * @param params Issue-Swap-Redeem arbitrage parameters
     *
     * Flow:
     * 1. Transfer collateral from caller
     * 2. Issue dUSD using collateral via Issuer
     * 3. Swap dUSD through Fraxswap multihop routes
     * 4. Redeem final dUSD back to collateral via Redeemer
     * 5. Return profit in collateral to profitTo address
     */
    function executeIssueSwapRedeem(
        IssueSwapRedeemParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(ARBITRAGE_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        _validateIssueSwapRedeemParams(params);

        uint256 collateralBalanceBefore = IERC20(params.collateralAsset).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Step 1: Transfer collateral from caller
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).safeTransferFrom(
            msg.sender,
            address(this),
            params.collateralAmount
        );

        // Step 2: Approve Issuer to spend collateral
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), 0);
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), params.collateralAmount);

        // Step 3: Issue dUSD
        uint256 dusdBalanceBefore = dstable.balanceOf(address(this));
        issuer.issue(params.collateralAmount, params.collateralAsset, params.minDusdIssued);
        uint256 dusdIssued = dstable.balanceOf(address(this)) - dusdBalanceBefore;

        if (dusdIssued < params.minDusdIssued) {
            revert InsufficientDusdIssued(params.minDusdIssued, dusdIssued);
        }

        // Step 4: Swap dUSD through DEX routes (if route provided)
        uint256 dusdAfterSwap = dusdIssued;
        if (params.fraxswapRoute.length > 0) {
            // Approve Fraxswap router
            IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
            IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), dusdIssued);

            // Execute swap
            IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams memory fraxParams = IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams({
                tokenIn: address(dstable),
                amountIn: dusdIssued,
                tokenOut: address(dstable),
                amountOutMinimum: _calculateAmountLimit(dusdIssued, params.slippageBps),
                recipient: address(this),
                deadline: params.deadline,
                approveMax: params.approveMax,
                v: params.v,
                r: params.r,
                s: params.s,
                route: params.fraxswapRoute
            });

            try fraxswapRouter.swap(fraxParams) returns (uint256 amountOut) {
                dusdAfterSwap = amountOut;
            } catch (bytes memory reason) {
                revert FraxswapSwapFailed(reason);
            }
        }

        // Step 5: Approve Redeemer to spend dUSD
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(redeemer), 0);
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(redeemer), dusdAfterSwap);

        // Step 6: Redeem dUSD back to collateral (using public redeem - fees apply!)
        // Note: RedeemerV2.redeem() deducts fees, so minCollateralRedeemed is the NET amount
        redeemer.redeem(dusdAfterSwap, params.collateralAsset, params.minCollateralRedeemed);

        uint256 collateralBalanceAfter = IERC20(params.collateralAsset).balanceOf(address(this));
        uint256 collateralOut = collateralBalanceAfter - collateralBalanceBefore;

        if (collateralOut < params.minCollateralRedeemed) {
            revert InsufficientCollateralRedeemed(params.minCollateralRedeemed, collateralOut);
        }

        // Step 7: Calculate and distribute profit
        uint256 profit = collateralOut > params.collateralAmount ?
            collateralOut - params.collateralAmount : 0;

        if (profit > 0) {
            IERC20(params.collateralAsset).safeTransfer(params.profitTo, profit);
        }

        // Return original collateral to caller if no profit was made
        if (collateralOut >= params.collateralAmount) {
            IERC20(params.collateralAsset).safeTransfer(msg.sender, params.collateralAmount);
        }

        emit IssueRedeemArbitrageExecuted(
            params.collateralAsset,
            params.collateralAmount,
            dusdIssued,
            dusdAfterSwap,
            collateralOut,
            profit,
            "Issue-Swap-Redeem"
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes flash loan arbitrage with redeem and issue
     * @dev Strategy: Flash loan dUSD → Redeem to collateral → Swap → Issue dUSD → Repay + Profit
     * @param params Flash loan redeem-swap-issue parameters
     *
     * Flow:
     * 1. Flash loan dUSD
     * 2. Redeem dUSD for collateral
     * 3. Swap collateral through DEXs for more collateral
     * 4. Issue dUSD with swapped collateral
     * 5. Repay flash loan + fee
     * 6. Keep profit in dUSD
     */
    function executeFlashLoanRedeemSwapIssue(
        FlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        _validateFlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams(params);

        // Check if flash loan is supported
        uint256 maxFlashLoan = dstable.maxFlashLoan(address(dstable));
        if (params.flashLoanAmount > maxFlashLoan) {
            revert FlashLoanAmountExceedsMaximum(params.flashLoanAmount, maxFlashLoan);
        }

        // Encode parameters for flash loan callback
        bytes memory data = abi.encode(params);

        // Execute flash loan with arbitrage callback
        dstable.flashLoan(
            IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable(address(this)),
            address(dstable),
            params.flashLoanAmount,
            data
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Executes flash loan arbitrage with swap then issue
     * @dev Strategy: Flash loan dUSD → Swap to collateral → Issue dUSD → Repay + Profit
     */
    function executeFlashLoanSwapIssue(
        FlashLoanSwapIssueParams calldata params
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        _validateFlashLoanSwapIssueParams(params);

        uint256 maxFlashLoan = dstable.maxFlashLoan(address(dstable));
        if (params.flashLoanAmount > maxFlashLoan) {
            revert FlashLoanAmountExceedsMaximum(params.flashLoanAmount, maxFlashLoan);
        }

        bytes memory data = abi.encode(params);

        dstable.flashLoan(
            IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable(address(this)),
            address(dstable),
            params.flashLoanAmount,
            data
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Flash loan callback function for arbitrage operations
     */
    function onFlashLoan(
        address initiator,
        address /* token */,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes32) {
        // Validate flash loan
        if (msg.sender != address(dstable)) {
            revert UnauthorizedFlashLoan();
        }
        if (initiator != address(this)) {
            revert InvalidFlashLoanInitiator();
        }

        // Try strategy: Swap -> Issue
        try this._executeFlashLoanSwapIssue(amount, fee, data) {
            // Executed swap-issue strategy
        } catch
        {
                // Try strategy: Redeem -> Swap -> Issue
                try this._executeFlashLoanRedeemSwapIssue(amount, fee, data) {
                    // Executed redeem-swap-issue strategy
                } catch {

                    // Fall back to standard multihop arbitrage (swap only or swap + ISSUE)
                FlashLoanArbitrageParams memory params = abi.decode(data, (FlashLoanArbitrageParams));

                // Validate deadline
                if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
                    revert DeadlineExceeded();
                }

                // Execute arbitrage using the flash loaned dSTABLE
                uint256 amountOut = _executeArbitrageWithAmount(amount, params);

                // Validate output amount
                if (amountOut < params.minAmountOut) {
                    revert InsufficientDStableReceived(params.minAmountOut, amountOut);
                }

                uint256 dusdForRepayment = amountOut;

                // If route ends in collateral, ISSUE dUSD from collateral
                if (params.collateralAsset != address(0) && params.tokenOut != address(dstable)) {
                    // Route ended in collateral, need to ISSUE dUSD
                    uint256 collateralAmount = amountOut;
                    dusdForRepayment = _issueDusdFromCollateral(
                        params.collateralAsset,
                        collateralAmount,
                        params.minDusdFromIssue
                    );
                }

                // Repay flash loan
                if (dusdForRepayment < amount + fee) {
                    revert FlashLoanRepaymentFailed();
                }

                IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), 0);
                IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), amount + fee);

                // Calculate and distribute profit
                uint256 profit = dusdForRepayment - amount - fee;
                if (profit > 0) {
                    IERC20(address(dstable)).safeTransfer(params.profitTo, profit);
                }

                // Clean up approvals
                IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
                if (params.collateralAsset != address(0)) {
                    IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), 0);
                }

                emit FlashLoanArbitrageExecuted(
                    params.tokenIn,
                    params.tokenOut,
                    amount,
                    amount,
                    dusdForRepayment,
                    profit,
                    params.collateralAsset != address(0) ? "Fraxtal-FlashLoan-Issue" : "Fraxtal-FlashLoan"
                );
            }
        }

        return keccak256("ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal function to execute flash loan redeem-swap-issue strategy
     * @dev Called from onFlashLoan callback
     */
    function _executeFlashLoanRedeemSwapIssue(
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external {
        // Only callable by this contract
        require(msg.sender == address(this), "Internal only");

        // Decode parameters
        FlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams memory params = abi.decode(data, (FlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams));

        // Validate deadline
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }

        // Step 1: Approve Redeemer to spend flash loaned dUSD
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(redeemer), 0);
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(redeemer), amount);

        // Step 2: Redeem dUSD for collateral (using public redeem - fees apply!)
        // Note: RedeemerV2.redeem() deducts fees, so minCollateralFromRedeem is the NET amount
        uint256 collateralBalanceBefore = IERC20(params.collateralAsset).balanceOf(address(this));
        redeemer.redeem(amount, params.collateralAsset, params.minCollateralFromRedeem);
        uint256 collateralFromRedeem = IERC20(params.collateralAsset).balanceOf(address(this)) - collateralBalanceBefore;

        if (collateralFromRedeem < params.minCollateralFromRedeem) {
            revert InsufficientCollateralRedeemed(params.minCollateralFromRedeem, collateralFromRedeem);
        }

        // Step 3: Swap collateral through DEX routes (if route provided)
        uint256 collateralAfterSwap = collateralFromRedeem;
        if (params.fraxswapRoute.length > 0) {
            // Approve Fraxswap router
            IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
            IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), collateralFromRedeem);

            // Execute swap (collateral to collateral or different token)
            IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams memory fraxParams = IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams({
                tokenIn: params.collateralAsset,
                amountIn: collateralFromRedeem,
                tokenOut: params.collateralAsset, // Same asset for simplicity
                amountOutMinimum: _calculateAmountLimit(collateralFromRedeem, params.slippageBps),
                recipient: address(this),
                deadline: params.deadline,
                approveMax: params.approveMax,
                v: params.v,
                r: params.r,
                s: params.s,
                route: params.fraxswapRoute
            });

            try fraxswapRouter.swap(fraxParams) returns (uint256 amountOut) {
                collateralAfterSwap = amountOut;
            } catch (bytes memory reason) {
                revert FraxswapSwapFailed(reason);
            }
        }

        // Step 4: Approve Issuer to spend collateral
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), 0);
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), collateralAfterSwap);

        // Step 5: Issue dUSD with swapped collateral
        uint256 dusdBalanceBefore = dstable.balanceOf(address(this));
        issuer.issue(collateralAfterSwap, params.collateralAsset, params.minDusdFromIssue);
        uint256 dusdFromIssue = dstable.balanceOf(address(this)) - dusdBalanceBefore;

        if (dusdFromIssue < params.minDusdFromIssue) {
            revert InsufficientDusdIssued(params.minDusdFromIssue, dusdFromIssue);
        }

        // Step 6: Repay flash loan
        uint256 repayAmount = amount + fee;
        if (dusdFromIssue < repayAmount) {
            revert FlashLoanRepaymentFailed();
        }

        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), 0);
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), repayAmount);

        // Step 7: Calculate and distribute profit
        uint256 profit = dusdFromIssue - repayAmount;
        if (profit > 0) {
            IERC20(address(dstable)).safeTransfer(params.profitTo, profit);
        }

        emit IssueRedeemArbitrageExecuted(
            params.collateralAsset,
            amount,
            dusdFromIssue,
            amount,
            collateralAfterSwap,
            profit,
            "FlashLoan-Redeem-Swap-Issue"
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal: Flashloan dUSD -> Fraxswap to collateral -> Issue dUSD -> Repay
     */
    function _executeFlashLoanSwapIssue(
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external {
        require(msg.sender == address(this), "Internal only");

        FlashLoanSwapIssueParams memory params = abi.decode(data, (FlashLoanSwapIssueParams));

        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }

        // Step 1: Approve Fraxswap router to spend flashloaned dUSD
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), amount);

        // Step 2: Execute swap dUSD -> collateral via Fraxswap route
        uint256 collateralBalanceBefore = IERC20(params.collateralAsset).balanceOf(address(this));

        IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams memory fraxParams = IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams({
            tokenIn: address(dstable),
            amountIn: amount,
            tokenOut: params.collateralAsset,
            amountOutMinimum: params.minCollateralFromSwap,
            recipient: address(this),
            deadline: params.deadline,
            approveMax: params.approveMax,
            v: params.v,
            r: params.r,
            s: params.s,
            route: params.fraxswapRoute
        });

        uint256 collateralAfterSwap;
        try fraxswapRouter.swap(fraxParams) returns (uint256 amountOut) {
            collateralAfterSwap = amountOut;
        } catch (bytes memory reason) {
            revert FraxswapSwapFailed(reason);
        }

        // Sanity check
        if (collateralAfterSwap < params.minCollateralFromSwap) {
            revert InsufficientCollateralReceived(params.minCollateralFromSwap, collateralAfterSwap);
        }

        // Step 3: Approve Issuer and issue dUSD with swapped collateral
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), 0);
        IERC20(params.collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), collateralAfterSwap);

        uint256 dusdBalanceBefore = dstable.balanceOf(address(this));
        issuer.issue(collateralAfterSwap, params.collateralAsset, params.minDusdFromIssue);
        uint256 dusdFromIssue = dstable.balanceOf(address(this)) - dusdBalanceBefore;

        if (dusdFromIssue < params.minDusdFromIssue) {
            revert InsufficientDusdIssued(params.minDusdFromIssue, dusdFromIssue);
        }

        // Step 4: Repay flash loan
        uint256 repayAmount = amount + fee;
        if (dusdFromIssue < repayAmount) {
            revert FlashLoanRepaymentFailed();
        }

        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), 0);
        IERC20(address(dstable)).forceApprove(address(dstable), repayAmount);

        // Step 5: Distribute profit
        uint256 profit = dusdFromIssue - repayAmount;
        if (profit > 0) {
            IERC20(address(dstable)).safeTransfer(params.profitTo, profit);
        }

        emit IssueRedeemArbitrageExecuted(
            params.collateralAsset,
            amount,
            dusdFromIssue,
            amount,
            collateralAfterSwap,
            profit,
            "FlashLoan-Swap-Issue"
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Pauses the contract
     */
    function pause() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _pause();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unpauses the contract
     */
    function unpause() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _unpause();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Rescues stuck ETH
     */
    function rescueETH(
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        (bool ok, ) = payable(to).call{value: amount}("");
        require(ok, "ETH_TRANSFER_FAILED");
    }

    /**
     * @notice Rescues stuck tokens
     */
    function rescueTokens(
        address token,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (to == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        IERC20(token).safeTransfer(to, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the IssuerV2 contract address
     * @param _issuer New IssuerV2 contract address
     */
    function setIssuer(address _issuer) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_issuer == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        address oldIssuer = address(issuer);
        issuer = IssuerV2(_issuer);
        emit IssuerUpdated(oldIssuer, _issuer);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the RedeemerV2 contract address
     * @param _redeemer New RedeemerV2 contract address
     */
    function setRedeemer(address _redeemer) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_redeemer == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        address oldRedeemer = address(redeemer);
        redeemer = RedeemerV2(_redeemer);
        emit RedeemerUpdated(oldRedeemer, _redeemer);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the maximum allowed slippage in basis points
     */
    function getMaxSlippageBps() external pure returns (uint256) {
        return MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if the contract supports the IERC3156FlashBorrower interface
     */
    function supportsInterface(
        bytes4 interfaceId
    ) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable).interfaceId ||
            super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    // Allow contract to receive ETH
    receive() external payable {}

    /* Internal Functions */

    function _validateFlashLoanArbitrageParams(
        FlashLoanArbitrageParams calldata params
    ) internal view {
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }
        if (params.flashLoanAmount == 0) {
            revert ZeroDStableAmount();
        }
        if (params.tokenIn == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        // tokenIn must always be dUSD for flash loan
        if (params.tokenIn != address(dstable)) {
            revert InvalidArbitrageParameters();
        }
        // tokenOut can be either dUSD or a collateral asset
        if (params.tokenOut == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        if (params.slippageBps > MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(params.slippageBps, MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS);
        }
        if (params.profitTo == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        if (params.fraxswapRoute.length == 0) {
            revert NoSwapPathProvided();
        }

        // If collateralAsset is provided, validate it
        if (params.collateralAsset != address(0)) {
            // Validate collateral asset is supported by issuer
            // Note: We check via issuer's collateralVault which has isCollateralSupported()
            // Since we can't directly access collateralVault from issuer, we'll validate
            // that collateralAsset matches tokenOut (route should end in collateral)
            if (params.collateralAsset != params.tokenOut) {
                revert InvalidCollateralAsset();
            }
            // Validate minDusdFromIssue is provided if collateralAsset is set
            if (params.minDusdFromIssue == 0) {
                revert InvalidArbitrageParameters();
            }
        } else {
            // If no collateralAsset, route should end in dUSD
            if (params.tokenOut != address(dstable)) {
                revert InvalidArbitrageParameters();
            }
        }
    }

    function _validateArbitrageParams(
        ArbitrageParams memory params
    ) internal view {
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }
        if (params.tokenIn == address(0) || params.tokenOut == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        if (params.slippageBps > MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(params.slippageBps, MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS);
        }
        if (params.profitTo == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        if (params.fraxswapRoute.length == 0) {
            revert NoSwapPathProvided();
        }
    }

    function _validateIssueSwapRedeemParams(
        IssueSwapRedeemParams calldata params
    ) internal view {
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }
        if (params.collateralAsset == address(0)) {
            revert InvalidCollateralAsset();
        }
        if (params.collateralAmount == 0) {
            revert ZeroCollateralAmount();
        }
        if (params.slippageBps > MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(params.slippageBps, MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS);
        }
        if (params.profitTo == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
    }

    function _validateFlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams(
        FlashLoanRedeemSwapIssueParams calldata params
    ) internal view {
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }
        if (params.collateralAsset == address(0)) {
            revert InvalidCollateralAsset();
        }
        if (params.flashLoanAmount == 0) {
            revert ZeroDStableAmount();
        }
        if (params.slippageBps > MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(params.slippageBps, MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS);
        }
        if (params.profitTo == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
    }

    function _validateFlashLoanSwapIssueParams(
        FlashLoanSwapIssueParams calldata params
    ) internal view {
        if (block.timestamp > params.deadline) {
            revert DeadlineExceeded();
        }
        if (params.collateralAsset == address(0)) {
            revert InvalidCollateralAsset();
        }
        if (params.flashLoanAmount == 0) {
            revert ZeroDStableAmount();
        }
        if (params.slippageBps > MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(params.slippageBps, MAX_SLIPPAGE_BPS);
        }
        if (params.profitTo == address(0)) {
            revert ZeroAddress();
        }
        if (params.fraxswapRoute.length == 0) {
            revert NoSwapPathProvided();
        }
    }


    function _executeArbitrageWithAmount(
        uint256 amount,
        FlashLoanArbitrageParams memory params
    ) internal returns (uint256) {
        uint256 balanceBefore = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Approve Fraxtal router to spend the flash loaned amount
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), amount);

        // Execute Fraxtal multihop arbitrage
        IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams memory fraxParams = IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams({
            tokenIn: params.tokenIn,
            amountIn: amount,
            tokenOut: params.tokenOut,
            amountOutMinimum: params.minAmountOut,
            recipient: address(this),
            deadline: params.deadline,
            approveMax: params.approveMax,
            v: params.v,
            r: params.r,
            s: params.s,
            route: params.fraxswapRoute
        });

        try fraxswapRouter.swap(fraxParams) returns (
            uint256 /* amountOut */
        ) {
            // Success
        } catch (bytes memory reason) {
            revert FraxswapSwapFailed(reason);
        }

        uint256 balanceAfter = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));
        return balanceAfter ;
    }

    function _executeFraxswapArbitrage(
        ArbitrageParams memory params
    ) internal {
        // Create Fraxtal multihop parameters
        IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams memory fraxParams = IFraxswapRouterMultihop.FraxswapParams({
            tokenIn: params.tokenIn,
            amountIn: params.amountIn,
            tokenOut: params.tokenOut,
            amountOutMinimum: params.minAmountOut,
            recipient: address(this),
            deadline: params.deadline,
            approveMax: params.approveMax,
            v: params.v,
            r: params.r,
            s: params.s,
            route: params.fraxswapRoute
        });

        try fraxswapRouter.swap(fraxParams) returns (
            uint256 /* amountOut */
        ) {
            // Success
        } catch (bytes memory reason) {
            revert FraxswapSwapFailed(reason);
        }
    }


    function _calculateAndDistributeProfit(
        address tokenIn,
        address tokenOut,
        uint256 amountIn,
        uint256 amountOut,
        address profitTo
    ) internal returns (uint256) {
        // For simplicity, assuming we're arbitraging the same token
        // In practice, you'd need to convert amounts to a common unit
        if (tokenIn == tokenOut) {
            uint256 profit = amountOut > amountIn ? amountOut - amountIn : 0;
            if (profit > 0) {
                IERC20(tokenOut).safeTransfer(profitTo, profit);
            }
            return profit;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    function _executeArbitrageInternal(
        ArbitrageParams memory params
    ) internal {
        _validateArbitrageParams(params);

        uint256 balanceBefore = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Approve input token to Fraxtal router
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), 0);
        IERC20(params.tokenIn).forceApprove(address(fraxswapRouter), params.amountIn);

        // Execute Fraxtal multihop arbitrage
        _executeFraxswapArbitrage(params);

        uint256 balanceAfter = IERC20(params.tokenOut).balanceOf(address(this));
        uint256 amountOut = balanceAfter - balanceBefore;

        if (amountOut < params.minAmountOut) {
            revert InsufficientDStableReceived(params.minAmountOut, amountOut);
        }

        // Calculate and distribute profit
        uint256 profit = _calculateAndDistributeProfit(
            params.tokenIn,
            params.tokenOut,
            params.amountIn,
            amountOut,
            params.profitTo
        );

        emit ArbitrageExecuted(
            params.tokenIn,
            params.tokenOut,
            params.amountIn,
            amountOut,
            profit,
            "Fraxtal-Multihop"
        );
    }

    function _unpackArbitrageParams(
        PackedArbitrageParams calldata params
    ) internal view returns (ArbitrageParams memory) {
        // This would implement the unpacking logic similar to the FraxArb contract
        // For now, returning a basic structure - implement based on your packing format
        return ArbitrageParams({
            tokenIn: params.tokenIn,
            tokenOut: params.tokenOut,
            amountIn: params.amountIn,
            minAmountOut: params.minAmountOut,
            deadline: params.deadline,
            slippageBps: 100, // Default 1%
            profitTo: msg.sender,
            fraxswapRoute: params.packedData, // Use packed data as route
            v: 0,
            r: bytes32(0),
            s: bytes32(0),
            approveMax: false
        });
    }

    function _calculateAmountLimit(
        uint256 quotedAmount,
        uint256 slippageBps
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return
            (quotedAmount * (HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS - slippageBps)) /
            HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal helper function to ISSUE dUSD from collateral
     * @param collateralAsset The collateral asset to issue from
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to issue with
     * @param minDusd The minimum dUSD to receive from ISSUE
     * @return dusdIssued The amount of dUSD issued
     */
    function _issueDusdFromCollateral(
        address collateralAsset,
        uint256 collateralAmount,
        uint256 minDusd
    ) internal returns (uint256) {
        // Approve issuer to spend collateral
        IERC20(collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), 0);
        IERC20(collateralAsset).forceApprove(address(issuer), collateralAmount);

        // Issue dUSD
        uint256 dusdBalanceBefore = dstable.balanceOf(address(this));
        issuer.issue(collateralAmount, collateralAsset, minDusd);
        uint256 dusdIssued = dstable.balanceOf(address(this)) - dusdBalanceBefore;

        if (dusdIssued < minDusd) {
            revert InsufficientDusdIssued(minDusd, dusdIssued);
        }

        return dusdIssued;
    }

}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControl} from "./IAccessControl.sol";
import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
import {ERC165} from "../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it. We recommend using {AccessControlDefaultAdminRules}
 * to enforce additional security measures for this role.
 */
abstract contract AccessControl is Context, IAccessControl, ERC165 {
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address account => bool) hasRole;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    mapping(bytes32 role => RoleData) private _roles;

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error including the required role.
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControl).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _roles[role].hasRole[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `_msgSender()`
     * is missing `role`. Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `account`
     * is missing `role`.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(account, role);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return _roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) public virtual {
        if (callerConfirmation != _msgSender()) {
            revert AccessControlBadConfirmation();
        }

        _revokeRole(role, callerConfirmation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to grant `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was granted.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to revoke `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was revoked.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC3156 FlashBorrower, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3156[ERC-3156].
 */
interface IERC3156FlashBorrower {
    /**
     * @dev Receive a flash loan.
     * @param initiator The initiator of the loan.
     * @param token The loan currency.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens lent.
     * @param fee The additional amount of tokens to repay.
     * @param data Arbitrary data structure, intended to contain user-defined parameters.
     * @return The keccak256 hash of "ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan"
     */
    function onFlashLoan(
        address initiator,
        address token,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
     * caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";
import {IERC20Permit} from "../extensions/IERC20Permit.sol";
import {Address} from "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    /**
     * @dev An operation with an ERC20 token failed.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedOperation(address token);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failed `decreaseAllowance` request.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 currentAllowance, uint256 requestedDecrease);

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from the calling contract to `to`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transfer, (to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from `from` to `to`, spending the approval given by `from` to the
     * calling contract. If `token` returns no value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transferFrom, (from, to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
        forceApprove(token, spender, oldAllowance + value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `requestedDecrease`. If `token` returns no
     * value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 requestedDecrease) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 currentAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            if (currentAllowance < requestedDecrease) {
                revert SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, requestedDecrease);
            }
            forceApprove(token, spender, currentAllowance - requestedDecrease);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Set the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` to `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful. Meant to be used with tokens that require the approval
     * to be set to zero before setting it to a non-zero value, such as USDT.
     */
    function forceApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        bytes memory approvalCall = abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, value));

        if (!_callOptionalReturnBool(token, approvalCall)) {
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, 0)));
            _callOptionalReturn(token, approvalCall);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data);
        if (returndata.length != 0 && !abi.decode(returndata, (bool))) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     *
     * This is a variant of {_callOptionalReturn} that silents catches all reverts and returns a bool instead.
     */
    function _callOptionalReturnBool(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private returns (bool) {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We cannot use {Address-functionCall} here since this should return false
        // and not revert is the subcall reverts.

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = address(token).call(data);
        return success && (returndata.length == 0 || abi.decode(returndata, (bool))) && address(token).code.length > 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Contract module that helps prevent reentrant calls to a function.
 *
 * Inheriting from `ReentrancyGuard` will make the {nonReentrant} modifier
 * available, which can be applied to functions to make sure there are no nested
 * (reentrant) calls to them.
 *
 * Note that because there is a single `nonReentrant` guard, functions marked as
 * `nonReentrant` may not call one another. This can be worked around by making
 * those functions `private`, and then adding `external` `nonReentrant` entry
 * points to them.
 *
 * TIP: If you would like to learn more about reentrancy and alternative ways
 * to protect against it, check out our blog post
 * https://blog.openzeppelin.com/reentrancy-after-istanbul/[Reentrancy After Istanbul].
 */
abstract contract ReentrancyGuard {
    // Booleans are more expensive than uint256 or any type that takes up a full
    // word because each write operation emits an extra SLOAD to first read the
    // slot's contents, replace the bits taken up by the boolean, and then write
    // back. This is the compiler's defense against contract upgrades and
    // pointer aliasing, and it cannot be disabled.

    // The values being non-zero value makes deployment a bit more expensive,
    // but in exchange the refund on every call to nonReentrant will be lower in
    // amount. Since refunds are capped to a percentage of the total
    // transaction's gas, it is best to keep them low in cases like this one, to
    // increase the likelihood of the full refund coming into effect.
    uint256 private constant NOT_ENTERED = 1;
    uint256 private constant ENTERED = 2;

    uint256 private _status;

    /**
     * @dev Unauthorized reentrant call.
     */
    error ReentrancyGuardReentrantCall();

    constructor() {
        _status = NOT_ENTERED;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
     * Calling a `nonReentrant` function from another `nonReentrant`
     * function is not supported. It is possible to prevent this from happening
     * by making the `nonReentrant` function external, and making it call a
     * `private` function that does the actual work.
     */
    modifier nonReentrant() {
        _nonReentrantBefore();
        _;
        _nonReentrantAfter();
    }

    function _nonReentrantBefore() private {
        // On the first call to nonReentrant, _status will be NOT_ENTERED
        if (_status == ENTERED) {
            revert ReentrancyGuardReentrantCall();
        }

        // Any calls to nonReentrant after this point will fail
        _status = ENTERED;
    }

    function _nonReentrantAfter() private {
        // By storing the original value once again, a refund is triggered (see
        // https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2200)
        _status = NOT_ENTERED;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the reentrancy guard is currently set to "entered", which indicates there is a
     * `nonReentrant` function in the call stack.
     */
    function _reentrancyGuardEntered() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _status == ENTERED;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Pausable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
 * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
 * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
 * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
 * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
 */
abstract contract Pausable is Context {
    bool private _paused;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
     */
    event Paused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
     */
    event Unpaused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is paused.
     */
    error EnforcedPause();

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is not paused.
     */
    error ExpectedPause();

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
     */
    constructor() {
        _paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        _requireNotPaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        _requirePaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
     */
    function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
        if (paused()) {
            revert EnforcedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
     */
    function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
        if (!paused()) {
            revert ExpectedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Triggers stopped state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns to normal state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.9;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20BurnableUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/security/PausableUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/AccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20FlashMintUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

import "./extensions/ERC20ComplianceUpgradeable.sol";

contract ERC20StablecoinUpgradeable is
    Initializable,
    ERC20Upgradeable,
    ERC20BurnableUpgradeable,
    PausableUpgradeable,
    AccessControlUpgradeable,
    ERC20PermitUpgradeable,
    ERC20FlashMintUpgradeable,
    ERC20ComplianceUpgradeable
{
    bytes32 public constant PAUSER_ROLE = keccak256("PAUSER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant MINTER_ROLE = keccak256("MINTER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant COMPLIANCE_ROLE = keccak256("COMPLIANCE_ROLE");

    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
    constructor() {
        _disableInitializers();
    }

    function initialize(
        string memory name,
        string memory symbol
    ) public initializer {
        __ERC20_init(name, symbol);
        __ERC20Burnable_init();
        __Pausable_init();
        __AccessControl_init();
        __ERC20Permit_init(name);
        __ERC20FlashMint_init();
        __ERC20Compliance_init();

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
        _grantRole(PAUSER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        _grantRole(MINTER_ROLE, msg.sender);
    }

    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 6;
    }

    function pause() public onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _pause();
    }

    function unpause() public onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _unpause();
    }

    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) public onlyRole(MINTER_ROLE) {
        _mint(to, amount);
    }

    function freeze(address account) public virtual onlyRole(COMPLIANCE_ROLE) {
        _freeze(account);
    }

    function unfreeze(
        address account
    ) public virtual onlyRole(COMPLIANCE_ROLE) {
        _unfreeze(account);
    }

    function seize(
        address account,
        uint256 amount
    ) public virtual onlyRole(COMPLIANCE_ROLE) {
        _seize(account, amount);
    }

    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal override whenNotPaused whenNotFrozen(from) {
        super._beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/AccessControl.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Pausable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

import "contracts/common/IAaveOracle.sol";
import "contracts/common/IMintableERC20.sol";
import "./CollateralVault.sol";
import "./AmoManager.sol";
import "./OracleAware.sol";

/**
 * @title IssuerV2
 * @notice Extended issuer responsible for issuing dStable tokens with asset-level minting overrides and global pause
 */
contract IssuerV2 is AccessControl, OracleAware, ReentrancyGuard, Pausable {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;

    /* Core state */

    IMintableERC20 public dstable;
    uint8 public immutable dstableDecimals;
    CollateralVault public collateralVault;
    AmoManager public amoManager;

    /* Events */

    event CollateralVaultSet(address indexed collateralVault);
    event AmoManagerSet(address indexed amoManager);
    event AssetMintingPauseUpdated(address indexed asset, bool paused);

    /* Roles */

    bytes32 public constant AMO_MANAGER_ROLE = keccak256("AMO_MANAGER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant INCENTIVES_MANAGER_ROLE = keccak256("INCENTIVES_MANAGER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant PAUSER_ROLE = keccak256("PAUSER_ROLE");

    /* Errors */

    error SlippageTooHigh(uint256 minDStable, uint256 dstableAmount);
    error IssuanceSurpassesExcessCollateral(uint256 collateralInDstable, uint256 circulatingDstable);
    error MintingToAmoShouldNotIncreaseSupply(uint256 circulatingDstableBefore, uint256 circulatingDstableAfter);
    error AssetMintingPaused(address asset);

    /* Overrides */

    // If true, minting with this collateral asset is paused at the issuer level
    mapping(address => bool) public assetMintingPaused;

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the IssuerV2 contract with core dependencies
     * @param _collateralVault The address of the collateral vault
     * @param _dstable The address of the dStable stablecoin
     * @param oracle The address of the price oracle
     * @param _amoManager The address of the AMO Manager
     */
    constructor(
        address _collateralVault,
        address _dstable,
        IPriceOracleGetter oracle,
        address _amoManager
    ) OracleAware(oracle, oracle.BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT()) {
        collateralVault = CollateralVault(_collateralVault);
        dstable = IMintableERC20(_dstable);
        dstableDecimals = dstable.decimals();
        amoManager = AmoManager(_amoManager);

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(AMO_MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(INCENTIVES_MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(PAUSER_ROLE, msg.sender);
    }

    /* Issuer */

    /**
     * @notice Issues dStable tokens in exchange for collateral from the caller
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to deposit
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     * @param minDStable The minimum amount of dStable to receive, used for slippage protection
     */
    function issue(
        uint256 collateralAmount,
        address collateralAsset,
        uint256 minDStable
    ) external nonReentrant whenNotPaused {
        // Ensure the collateral asset is supported by the vault before any further processing
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(collateralAsset)) {
            revert CollateralVault.UnsupportedCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }

        // Ensure the issuer has not paused this asset for minting
        if (assetMintingPaused[collateralAsset]) {
            revert AssetMintingPaused(collateralAsset);
        }

        uint8 collateralDecimals = IERC20Metadata(collateralAsset).decimals();
        uint256 baseValue = Math.mulDiv(
            oracle.getAssetPrice(collateralAsset),
            collateralAmount,
            10 ** collateralDecimals
        );
        uint256 dstableAmount = baseValueToDstableAmount(baseValue);
        if (dstableAmount < minDStable) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(minDStable, dstableAmount);
        }

        // Transfer collateral directly to vault
        IERC20Metadata(collateralAsset).safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(collateralVault), collateralAmount);

        dstable.mint(msg.sender, dstableAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Issues dStable tokens using excess collateral in the system
     * @param receiver The address to receive the minted dStable tokens
     * @param dstableAmount The amount of dStable to mint
     */
    function issueUsingExcessCollateral(
        address receiver,
        uint256 dstableAmount
    ) external onlyRole(INCENTIVES_MANAGER_ROLE) whenNotPaused {
        dstable.mint(receiver, dstableAmount);

        // We don't use the buffer value here because we only mint up to the excess collateral
        uint256 _circulatingDstable = circulatingDstable();
        uint256 _collateralInDstable = collateralInDstable();
        if (_collateralInDstable < _circulatingDstable) {
            revert IssuanceSurpassesExcessCollateral(_collateralInDstable, _circulatingDstable);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Increases the AMO supply by minting new dStable tokens
     * @param dstableAmount The amount of dStable to mint and send to the AMO Manager
     */
    function increaseAmoSupply(uint256 dstableAmount) external onlyRole(AMO_MANAGER_ROLE) whenNotPaused {
        uint256 _circulatingDstableBefore = circulatingDstable();

        dstable.mint(address(amoManager), dstableAmount);

        uint256 _circulatingDstableAfter = circulatingDstable();

        // Sanity check that we are sending to the active AMO Manager
        if (_circulatingDstableAfter != _circulatingDstableBefore) {
            revert MintingToAmoShouldNotIncreaseSupply(_circulatingDstableBefore, _circulatingDstableAfter);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the circulating supply of dStable tokens
     * @return The amount of dStable tokens that are not held by the AMO Manager
     */
    function circulatingDstable() public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 totalDstable = dstable.totalSupply();
        uint256 amoDstable = amoManager.totalAmoSupply();
        return totalDstable - amoDstable;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the collateral value in dStable tokens
     * @return The amount of dStable tokens equivalent to the collateral value
     */
    function collateralInDstable() public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 _collateralInBase = collateralVault.totalValue();
        return baseValueToDstableAmount(_collateralInBase);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Converts a base value to an equivalent amount of dStable tokens
     * @param baseValue The amount of base value to convert
     * @return The equivalent amount of dStable tokens
     */
    function baseValueToDstableAmount(uint256 baseValue) public view returns (uint256) {
        return Math.mulDiv(baseValue, 10 ** dstableDecimals, baseCurrencyUnit);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns whether `asset` is currently enabled for minting by the issuer
     * @dev Asset must be supported by the collateral vault and not paused by issuer
     */
    function isAssetMintingEnabled(address asset) public view returns (bool) {
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(asset)) return false;
        return !assetMintingPaused[asset];
    }

    /* Admin */

    /**
     * @notice Sets the AMO Manager address
     * @param _amoManager The address of the AMO Manager
     */
    function setAmoManager(address _amoManager) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        address old = address(amoManager);
        amoManager = AmoManager(_amoManager);
        grantRole(AMO_MANAGER_ROLE, _amoManager);
        if (old != address(0) && old != _amoManager) {
            revokeRole(AMO_MANAGER_ROLE, old);
        }
        emit AmoManagerSet(_amoManager);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the collateral vault address
     * @param _collateralVault The address of the collateral vault
     */
    function setCollateralVault(address _collateralVault) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        collateralVault = CollateralVault(_collateralVault);
        emit CollateralVaultSet(_collateralVault);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set minting pause override for a specific collateral asset
     * @param asset The collateral asset address
     * @param paused True to pause minting; false to enable
     */
    function setAssetMintingPause(address asset, bool paused) external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        // Optional guard: if vault does not support the asset, setting an override is meaningless
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(asset)) {
            revert CollateralVault.UnsupportedCollateral(asset);
        }
        assetMintingPaused[asset] = paused;
        emit AssetMintingPauseUpdated(asset, paused);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Pause all minting operations
     */
    function pauseMinting() external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _pause();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unpause all minting operations
     */
    function unpauseMinting() external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _unpause();
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/AccessControl.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Pausable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";

import "contracts/common/IMintableERC20.sol";
import "contracts/common/BasisPointConstants.sol";
import "./CollateralVault.sol";
import "./OracleAware.sol";

/**
 * @title RedeemerV2
 * @notice Extended Redeemer with global pause and per-asset redemption pause controls
 */
contract RedeemerV2 is AccessControl, OracleAware, Pausable, ReentrancyGuard {
    /* Constants */
    uint256 public immutable MAX_FEE_BPS;

    /* Core state */

    IMintableERC20 public dstable;
    uint8 public immutable dstableDecimals;
    CollateralVault public collateralVault;

    /* Fee related state */
    address public feeReceiver;
    uint256 public defaultRedemptionFeeBps; // Default fee in basis points

    // Per-asset fee bps. Separately track whether an override is active to allow 0 bps overrides even if default > 0.
    mapping(address => uint256) public collateralRedemptionFeeBps; // Fee in basis points per collateral asset
    mapping(address => bool) public isCollateralFeeOverridden;

    /* Events */

    event AssetRedemptionPauseUpdated(address indexed asset, bool paused);
    event FeeReceiverUpdated(address indexed oldFeeReceiver, address indexed newFeeReceiver);
    event DefaultRedemptionFeeUpdated(uint256 oldFeeBps, uint256 newFeeBps);
    event CollateralRedemptionFeeUpdated(address indexed collateralAsset, uint256 oldFeeBps, uint256 newFeeBps);
    event Redemption(
        address indexed redeemer,
        address indexed collateralAsset,
        uint256 dstableAmount,
        uint256 collateralAmountToRedeemer,
        uint256 feeAmountCollateral
    );
    event CollateralVaultSet(address indexed collateralVault);

    /* Roles */

    bytes32 public constant REDEMPTION_MANAGER_ROLE = keccak256("REDEMPTION_MANAGER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant PAUSER_ROLE = keccak256("PAUSER_ROLE");

    /* Errors */
    error DStableTransferFailed();
    error SlippageTooHigh(uint256 actualCollateral, uint256 minCollateral);
    error AssetRedemptionPaused(address asset);
    error FeeTooHigh(uint256 requestedFeeBps, uint256 maxFeeBps);
    error CollateralTransferFailed(address recipient, uint256 amount, address token);
    error CannotBeZeroAddress();

    /* Overrides */

    // If true, redemption with this collateral asset is paused at the redeemer level
    mapping(address => bool) public assetRedemptionPaused;

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the RedeemerV2 contract
     * @param _collateralVault The address of the collateral vault
     * @param _dstable The address of the dStable stablecoin
     * @param _oracle The address of the price oracle
     * @param _initialFeeReceiver The initial address to receive redemption fees
     * @param _initialRedemptionFeeBps The initial redemption fee in basis points
     */
    constructor(
        address _collateralVault,
        address _dstable,
        IPriceOracleGetter _oracle,
        address _initialFeeReceiver,
        uint256 _initialRedemptionFeeBps
    ) OracleAware(_oracle, _oracle.BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT()) {
        if (_collateralVault == address(0) || _dstable == address(0) || address(_oracle) == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }
        if (_initialFeeReceiver == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }

        MAX_FEE_BPS = 5 * BasisPointConstants.ONE_PERCENT_BPS; // 5%

        if (_initialRedemptionFeeBps > MAX_FEE_BPS) {
            revert FeeTooHigh(_initialRedemptionFeeBps, MAX_FEE_BPS);
        }

        collateralVault = CollateralVault(_collateralVault);
        dstable = IMintableERC20(_dstable);
        dstableDecimals = dstable.decimals();

        // Initial fee configuration
        feeReceiver = _initialFeeReceiver;
        defaultRedemptionFeeBps = _initialRedemptionFeeBps;

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(REDEMPTION_MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(PAUSER_ROLE, msg.sender);

        emit FeeReceiverUpdated(address(0), _initialFeeReceiver);
        emit DefaultRedemptionFeeUpdated(0, _initialRedemptionFeeBps);
    }

    /* Redeemer */

    function redeem(
        uint256 dstableAmount,
        address collateralAsset,
        uint256 minNetCollateral
    ) external whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        // Ensure the collateral asset is supported by the vault before any further processing
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(collateralAsset)) {
            revert CollateralVault.UnsupportedCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }

        // Ensure the redeemer has not paused this asset for redemption
        if (assetRedemptionPaused[collateralAsset]) {
            revert AssetRedemptionPaused(collateralAsset);
        }

        // Calculate collateral amount and fee
        uint256 dstableValue = dstableAmountToBaseValue(dstableAmount);
        uint256 totalCollateral = collateralVault.assetAmountFromValue(dstableValue, collateralAsset);

        uint256 currentFeeBps = isCollateralFeeOverridden[collateralAsset]
            ? collateralRedemptionFeeBps[collateralAsset]
            : defaultRedemptionFeeBps;

        uint256 feeCollateral = 0;
        if (currentFeeBps > 0) {
            feeCollateral = Math.mulDiv(totalCollateral, currentFeeBps, BasisPointConstants.ONE_HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS);
        }
        uint256 netCollateral = totalCollateral - feeCollateral;
        if (netCollateral < minNetCollateral) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(netCollateral, minNetCollateral);
        }

        // Burn and withdraw net amount to redeemer
        _redeem(msg.sender, dstableAmount, collateralAsset, netCollateral);

        // Withdraw fee to feeReceiver
        if (feeCollateral > 0) {
            collateralVault.withdrawTo(feeReceiver, feeCollateral, collateralAsset);
        }

        emit Redemption(msg.sender, collateralAsset, dstableAmount, netCollateral, feeCollateral);
    }

    function redeemAsProtocol(
        uint256 dstableAmount,
        address collateralAsset,
        uint256 minCollateral
    ) external onlyRole(REDEMPTION_MANAGER_ROLE) whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        // Ensure the collateral asset is supported by the vault before any further processing
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(collateralAsset)) {
            revert CollateralVault.UnsupportedCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }

        // Ensure the redeemer has not paused this asset for redemption
        if (assetRedemptionPaused[collateralAsset]) {
            revert AssetRedemptionPaused(collateralAsset);
        }

        // Calculate collateral amount
        uint256 dstableValue = dstableAmountToBaseValue(dstableAmount);
        uint256 totalCollateral = collateralVault.assetAmountFromValue(dstableValue, collateralAsset);
        if (totalCollateral < minCollateral) {
            revert SlippageTooHigh(totalCollateral, minCollateral);
        }

        // Burn and withdraw full amount to redeemer
        _redeem(msg.sender, dstableAmount, collateralAsset, totalCollateral);

        emit Redemption(msg.sender, collateralAsset, dstableAmount, totalCollateral, 0);
    }

    function _redeem(
        address redeemerAddress,
        uint256 dstableAmount,
        address collateralAsset,
        uint256 collateralAmount
    ) internal {
        // Transfer dStable from redeemer to this contract
        if (!dstable.transferFrom(redeemerAddress, address(this), dstableAmount)) {
            revert DStableTransferFailed();
        }
        // Burn the dStable
        dstable.burn(dstableAmount);
        // Withdraw collateral from the vault
        collateralVault.withdrawTo(redeemerAddress, collateralAmount, collateralAsset);
    }

    function dstableAmountToBaseValue(uint256 dstableAmount) public view returns (uint256) {
        return Math.mulDiv(dstableAmount, baseCurrencyUnit, 10 ** dstableDecimals);
    }

    /* Views */
    function isAssetRedemptionEnabled(address asset) public view returns (bool) {
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(asset)) return false;
        return !assetRedemptionPaused[asset];
    }

    /* Admin */
    function setCollateralVault(address _collateralVault) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_collateralVault == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }
        collateralVault = CollateralVault(_collateralVault);
        emit CollateralVaultSet(_collateralVault);
    }

    function setAssetRedemptionPause(address asset, bool paused) external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        if (!collateralVault.isCollateralSupported(asset)) {
            revert CollateralVault.UnsupportedCollateral(asset);
        }
        assetRedemptionPaused[asset] = paused;
        emit AssetRedemptionPauseUpdated(asset, paused);
    }

    function setFeeReceiver(address _newFeeReceiver) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_newFeeReceiver == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }
        address oldFeeReceiver = feeReceiver;
        feeReceiver = _newFeeReceiver;
        emit FeeReceiverUpdated(oldFeeReceiver, _newFeeReceiver);
    }

    function setDefaultRedemptionFee(uint256 _newFeeBps) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_newFeeBps > MAX_FEE_BPS) {
            revert FeeTooHigh(_newFeeBps, MAX_FEE_BPS);
        }
        uint256 oldFeeBps = defaultRedemptionFeeBps;
        defaultRedemptionFeeBps = _newFeeBps;
        emit DefaultRedemptionFeeUpdated(oldFeeBps, _newFeeBps);
    }

    function setCollateralRedemptionFee(
        address _collateralAsset,
        uint256 _newFeeBps
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_collateralAsset == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }
        if (_newFeeBps > MAX_FEE_BPS) {
            revert FeeTooHigh(_newFeeBps, MAX_FEE_BPS);
        }
        uint256 oldFeeBps = collateralRedemptionFeeBps[_collateralAsset];
        collateralRedemptionFeeBps[_collateralAsset] = _newFeeBps;
        isCollateralFeeOverridden[_collateralAsset] = true; // enable override, allowing 0 bps explicitly
        emit CollateralRedemptionFeeUpdated(_collateralAsset, oldFeeBps, _newFeeBps);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Clears a per-asset fee override so the default fee applies again
     * @param _collateralAsset The collateral asset for which to clear the override
     */
    function clearCollateralRedemptionFee(address _collateralAsset) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_collateralAsset == address(0)) {
            revert CannotBeZeroAddress();
        }
        uint256 oldFeeBps = collateralRedemptionFeeBps[_collateralAsset];
        collateralRedemptionFeeBps[_collateralAsset] = 0;
        isCollateralFeeOverridden[_collateralAsset] = false;
        emit CollateralRedemptionFeeUpdated(_collateralAsset, oldFeeBps, 0);
    }

    function pauseRedemption() external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _pause();
    }

    function unpauseRedemption() external onlyRole(PAUSER_ROLE) {
        _unpause();
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControl {
    /**
     * @dev The `account` is missing a role.
     */
    error AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(address account, bytes32 neededRole);

    /**
     * @dev The caller of a function is not the expected one.
     *
     * NOTE: Don't confuse with {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount}.
     */
    error AccessControlBadConfirmation();

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role
     * bearer except when using {AccessControl-_setupRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * ==== Security Considerations
 *
 * There are two important considerations concerning the use of `permit`. The first is that a valid permit signature
 * expresses an allowance, and it should not be assumed to convey additional meaning. In particular, it should not be
 * considered as an intention to spend the allowance in any specific way. The second is that because permits have
 * built-in replay protection and can be submitted by anyone, they can be frontrun. A protocol that uses permits should
 * take this into consideration and allow a `permit` call to fail. Combining these two aspects, a pattern that may be
 * generally recommended is:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function doThingWithPermit(..., uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public {
 *     try token.permit(msg.sender, address(this), value, deadline, v, r, s) {} catch {}
 *     doThing(..., value);
 * }
 *
 * function doThing(..., uint256 value) public {
 *     token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), value);
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Observe that: 1) `msg.sender` is used as the owner, leaving no ambiguity as to the signer intent, and 2) the use of
 * `try/catch` allows the permit to fail and makes the code tolerant to frontrunning. (See also
 * {SafeERC20-safeTransferFrom}).
 *
 * Additionally, note that smart contract wallets (such as Argent or Safe) are not able to produce permit signatures, so
 * contracts should have entry points that don't rely on permit.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     *
     * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
     */
    error AddressInsufficientBalance(address account);

    /**
     * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
     */
    error AddressEmptyCode(address target);

    /**
     * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
     */
    error FailedInnerCall();

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (address(this).balance < amount) {
            revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
        }

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        if (!success) {
            revert FailedInnerCall();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
     * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
     * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
     * {FailedInnerCall} error.
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        if (address(this).balance < value) {
            revert AddressInsufficientBalance(address(this));
        }
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
     * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {FailedInnerCall}) in case of an
     * unsuccessful call.
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
            // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
            if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
            }
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or with a default {FailedInnerCall} error.
     */
    function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {FailedInnerCall}.
     */
    function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert FailedInnerCall();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To change this, you should override
 * this function so it returns a different value.
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
 * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
 * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
 * applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20Upgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IERC20Upgradeable, IERC20MetadataUpgradeable {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    function __ERC20_init(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ERC20_init_unchained(name_, symbol_);
    }

    function __ERC20_init_unchained(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the default value returned by this function, unless
     * it's overridden.
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _transfer(owner, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * NOTE: If `amount` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
     * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
     * is the maximum `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address spender = _msgSender();
        _spendAllowance(from, spender, amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, allowance(owner, spender) + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);

        uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
        require(fromBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[from] = fromBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: the sum of all balances is capped by totalSupply, and the sum is preserved by
            // decrementing then incrementing.
            _balances[to] += amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        unchecked {
            // Overflow not possible: balance + amount is at most totalSupply + amount, which is checked above.
            _balances[account] += amount;
        }
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: amount <= accountBalance <= totalSupply.
            _totalSupply -= amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `amount`.
     *
     * Does not update the allowance amount in case of infinite allowance.
     * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
     *
     * Might emit an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
            require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: insufficient allowance");
            unchecked {
                _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - amount);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[45] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Burnable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {ERC20} that allows token holders to destroy both their own
 * tokens and those that they have an allowance for, in a way that can be
 * recognized off-chain (via event analysis).
 */
abstract contract ERC20BurnableUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, ERC20Upgradeable {
    function __ERC20Burnable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC20Burnable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from the caller.
     *
     * See {ERC20-_burn}.
     */
    function burn(uint256 amount) public virtual {
        _burn(_msgSender(), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, deducting from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * See {ERC20-_burn} and {ERC20-allowance}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``accounts``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function burnFrom(address account, uint256 amount) public virtual {
        _spendAllowance(account, _msgSender(), amount);
        _burn(account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (security/Pausable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
 * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
 * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
 * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
 * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
 */
abstract contract PausableUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
     */
    event Paused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
     */
    event Unpaused(address account);

    bool private _paused;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
     */
    function __Pausable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
        __Pausable_init_unchained();
    }

    function __Pausable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
        _paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        _requireNotPaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        _requirePaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
     */
    function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
        require(!paused(), "Pausable: paused");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
     */
    function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
        require(paused(), "Pausable: not paused");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Triggers stopped state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns to normal state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IAccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/StringsUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it. We recommend using {AccessControlDefaultAdminRules}
 * to enforce additional security measures for this role.
 */
abstract contract AccessControlUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IAccessControlUpgradeable, ERC165Upgradeable {
    function __AccessControl_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __AccessControl_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address => bool) members;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    mapping(bytes32 => RoleData) private _roles;

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with a standardized message including the required role.
     *
     * The format of the revert reason is given by the following regular expression:
     *
     *  /^AccessControl: account (0x[0-9a-f]{40}) is missing role (0x[0-9a-f]{64})$/
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControlUpgradeable).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _roles[role].members[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revert with a standard message if `_msgSender()` is missing `role`.
     * Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     *
     * Format of the revert message is described in {_checkRole}.
     *
     * _Available since v4.6._
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revert with a standard message if `account` is missing `role`.
     *
     * The format of the revert reason is given by the following regular expression:
     *
     *  /^AccessControl: account (0x[0-9a-f]{40}) is missing role (0x[0-9a-f]{64})$/
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert(
                string(
                    abi.encodePacked(
                        "AccessControl: account ",
                        StringsUpgradeable.toHexString(account),
                        " is missing role ",
                        StringsUpgradeable.toHexString(uint256(role), 32)
                    )
                )
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual override returns (bytes32) {
        return _roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `account`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override {
        require(account == _msgSender(), "AccessControl: can only renounce roles for self");

        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event. Note that unlike {grantRole}, this function doesn't perform any
     * checks on the calling account.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     *
     * [WARNING]
     * ====
     * This function should only be called from the constructor when setting
     * up the initial roles for the system.
     *
     * Using this function in any other way is effectively circumventing the admin
     * system imposed by {AccessControl}.
     * ====
     *
     * NOTE: This function is deprecated in favor of {_grantRole}.
     */
    function _setupRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].members[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].members[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "../ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/ECDSAUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/EIP712Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/CountersUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 *
 * @custom:storage-size 51
 */
abstract contract ERC20PermitUpgradeable is Initializable, ERC20Upgradeable, IERC20PermitUpgradeable, EIP712Upgradeable {
    using CountersUpgradeable for CountersUpgradeable.Counter;

    mapping(address => CountersUpgradeable.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private constant _PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");
    /**
     * @dev In previous versions `_PERMIT_TYPEHASH` was declared as `immutable`.
     * However, to ensure consistency with the upgradeable transpiler, we will continue
     * to reserve a slot.
     * @custom:oz-renamed-from _PERMIT_TYPEHASH
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private _PERMIT_TYPEHASH_DEPRECATED_SLOT;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
     */
    function __ERC20Permit_init(string memory name) internal onlyInitializing {
        __EIP712_init_unchained(name, "1");
    }

    function __ERC20Permit_init_unchained(string memory) internal onlyInitializing {}

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-permit}.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) public virtual override {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC20Permit: expired deadline");

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));

        bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);

        address signer = ECDSAUpgradeable.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer == owner, "ERC20Permit: invalid signature");

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-nonces}.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner].current();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-DOMAIN_SEPARATOR}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view override returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        CountersUpgradeable.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[owner];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20FlashMint.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../../interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../interfaces/IERC3156FlashLenderUpgradeable.sol";
import "../ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC3156 Flash loans extension, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3156[ERC-3156].
 *
 * Adds the {flashLoan} method, which provides flash loan support at the token
 * level. By default there is no fee, but this can be changed by overriding {flashFee}.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
abstract contract ERC20FlashMintUpgradeable is Initializable, ERC20Upgradeable, IERC3156FlashLenderUpgradeable {
    function __ERC20FlashMint_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC20FlashMint_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    bytes32 private constant _RETURN_VALUE = keccak256("ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan");

    /**
     * @dev Returns the maximum amount of tokens available for loan.
     * @param token The address of the token that is requested.
     * @return The amount of token that can be loaned.
     */
    function maxFlashLoan(address token) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return token == address(this) ? type(uint256).max - ERC20Upgradeable.totalSupply() : 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the fee applied when doing flash loans. This function calls
     * the {_flashFee} function which returns the fee applied when doing flash
     * loans.
     * @param token The token to be flash loaned.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens to be loaned.
     * @return The fees applied to the corresponding flash loan.
     */
    function flashFee(address token, uint256 amount) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        require(token == address(this), "ERC20FlashMint: wrong token");
        return _flashFee(token, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the fee applied when doing flash loans. By default this
     * implementation has 0 fees. This function can be overloaded to make
     * the flash loan mechanism deflationary.
     * @param token The token to be flash loaned.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens to be loaned.
     * @return The fees applied to the corresponding flash loan.
     */
    function _flashFee(address token, uint256 amount) internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        // silence warning about unused variable without the addition of bytecode.
        token;
        amount;
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the receiver address of the flash fee. By default this
     * implementation returns the address(0) which means the fee amount will be burnt.
     * This function can be overloaded to change the fee receiver.
     * @return The address for which the flash fee will be sent to.
     */
    function _flashFeeReceiver() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a flash loan. New tokens are minted and sent to the
     * `receiver`, who is required to implement the {IERC3156FlashBorrower}
     * interface. By the end of the flash loan, the receiver is expected to own
     * amount + fee tokens and have them approved back to the token contract itself so
     * they can be burned.
     * @param receiver The receiver of the flash loan. Should implement the
     * {IERC3156FlashBorrower-onFlashLoan} interface.
     * @param token The token to be flash loaned. Only `address(this)` is
     * supported.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens to be loaned.
     * @param data An arbitrary datafield that is passed to the receiver.
     * @return `true` if the flash loan was successful.
     */
    // This function can reenter, but it doesn't pose a risk because it always preserves the property that the amount
    // minted at the beginning is always recovered and burned at the end, or else the entire function will revert.
    // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
    function flashLoan(
        IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable receiver,
        address token,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes calldata data
    ) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        require(amount <= maxFlashLoan(token), "ERC20FlashMint: amount exceeds maxFlashLoan");
        uint256 fee = flashFee(token, amount);
        _mint(address(receiver), amount);
        require(
            receiver.onFlashLoan(msg.sender, token, amount, fee, data) == _RETURN_VALUE,
            "ERC20FlashMint: invalid return value"
        );
        address flashFeeReceiver = _flashFeeReceiver();
        _spendAllowance(address(receiver), address(this), amount + fee);
        if (fee == 0 || flashFeeReceiver == address(0)) {
            _burn(address(receiver), amount + fee);
        } else {
            _burn(address(receiver), amount);
            _transfer(address(receiver), flashFeeReceiver, fee);
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.2;

import "../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```solidity
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 *
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * Similar to `reinitializer(1)`, except that functions marked with `initializer` can be nested in the context of a
     * constructor.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!AddressUpgradeable.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * A reinitializer may be used after the original initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that
     * are added through upgrades and that require initialization.
     *
     * When `version` is 1, this modifier is similar to `initializer`, except that functions marked with `reinitializer`
     * cannot be nested. If one is invoked in the context of another, execution will revert.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     *
     * WARNING: setting the version to 255 will prevent any future reinitialization.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event the first time it is successfully executed.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized != type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the highest version that has been initialized. See {reinitializer}.
     */
    function _getInitializedVersion() internal view returns (uint8) {
        return _initialized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if the contract is currently initializing. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _isInitializing() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _initializing;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.9;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {ERC20} that allows a compliance role to freeze and seize
 * tokens for compliance purposes.
 */
abstract contract ERC20ComplianceUpgradeable is
    Initializable,
    ContextUpgradeable,
    ERC20Upgradeable
{
    mapping(address => bool) private _frozen;

    function __ERC20Compliance_init() internal onlyInitializing {}

    function __ERC20Compliance_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {}

    modifier whenNotFrozen(address account) {
        require(!_frozen[account], "ERC20Compliance: account is frozen");
        _;
    }

    function _freeze(address account) internal virtual {
        _frozen[account] = true;
    }

    function _unfreeze(address account) internal virtual {
        _frozen[account] = false;
    }

    function _seize(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        _burn(account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    /**
     * @dev Muldiv operation overflow.
     */
    error MathOverflowedMulDiv();

    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool, uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            return a / b;
        }

        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                revert MathOverflowedMulDiv();
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

interface IAaveOracle {
    function getAssetPrice(address asset) external view returns (uint256);
    function getAssetsPrices(address[] calldata assets) external view returns (uint256[] memory);
    function getSourceOfAsset(address asset) external view returns (address);
    function getFallbackOracle() external view returns (address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

interface IMintableERC20 {
    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external;
    function burn(uint256 amount) external;
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);
    function name() external view returns (string memory);
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/access/AccessControl.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/structs/EnumerableSet.sol";

import "src/shared/Constants.sol";
import "src/lending/core/interfaces/IPriceOracleGetter.sol";
import "src/dusd/OracleAware.sol";

/**
 * @title CollateralVault
 * @notice Abstract contract for any contract that manages collateral assets
\ */
abstract contract CollateralVault is AccessControl, OracleAware {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;
    using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;

    /* Core state */

    EnumerableSet.AddressSet internal _supportedCollaterals;

    /* Events */

    event CollateralAllowed(address indexed collateralAsset);
    event CollateralDisallowed(address indexed collateralAsset);

    /* Roles */

    bytes32 public constant COLLATERAL_MANAGER_ROLE =
        keccak256("COLLATERAL_MANAGER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant COLLATERAL_STRATEGY_ROLE =
        keccak256("COLLATERAL_STRATEGY_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE =
        keccak256("COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE");

    /* Errors */
    error UnsupportedCollateral(address collateralAsset);
    error CollateralAlreadyAllowed(address collateralAsset);
    error NoOracleSupport(address collateralAsset);
    error FailedToAddCollateral(address collateralAsset);
    error CollateralNotSupported(address collateralAsset);
    error MustSupportAtLeastOneCollateral();
    error FailedToRemoveCollateral(address collateralAsset);

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the vault with an oracle and sets up initial roles
     * @dev Grants all roles to the contract deployer initially
     * @param oracle The price oracle to use for collateral valuation
     */
    constructor(
        IPriceOracleGetter oracle
    ) OracleAware(oracle, Constants.ORACLE_BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT) {
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender); // This is the super admin
        grantRole(COLLATERAL_MANAGER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(COLLATERAL_STRATEGY_ROLE, msg.sender);
    }

    /* Deposit */

    /**
     * @notice Deposit collateral into the vault
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to deposit
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     */
    function deposit(uint256 collateralAmount, address collateralAsset) public {
        if (!_supportedCollaterals.contains(collateralAsset)) {
            revert UnsupportedCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }

        IERC20Metadata(collateralAsset).safeTransferFrom(
            msg.sender,
            address(this),
            collateralAmount
        );
    }

    /* Withdrawal */

    /**
     * @notice Withdraws collateral from the vault
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to withdraw
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     */
    function withdraw(
        uint256 collateralAmount,
        address collateralAsset
    ) public onlyRole(COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE) {
        return _withdraw(msg.sender, collateralAmount, collateralAsset);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Withdraws collateral from the vault to a specific address
     * @param recipient The address receiving the collateral
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to withdraw
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     */
    function withdrawTo(
        address recipient,
        uint256 collateralAmount,
        address collateralAsset
    ) public onlyRole(COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE) {
        return _withdraw(recipient, collateralAmount, collateralAsset);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Internal function to withdraw collateral from the vault
     * @param withdrawer The address withdrawing the collateral
     * @param collateralAmount The amount of collateral to withdraw
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     */
    function _withdraw(
        address withdrawer,
        uint256 collateralAmount,
        address collateralAsset
    ) internal {
        IERC20Metadata(collateralAsset).safeTransfer(
            withdrawer,
            collateralAmount
        );
    }

    /* Collateral Info */

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the total value of all assets in the vault
     * @return usdValue The total value of all assets in USD
     */
    function totalValue() public view virtual returns (uint256 usdValue);

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the USD value of a given amount of an asset
     * @param assetAmount The amount of the asset
     * @param asset The address of the asset
     * @return usdValue The USD value of the asset
     */
    function assetValueFromAmount(
        uint256 assetAmount,
        address asset
    ) public view returns (uint256 usdValue) {
        uint256 assetPrice = oracle.getAssetPrice(asset);
        uint8 assetDecimals = IERC20Metadata(asset).decimals();
        return (assetPrice * assetAmount) / (10 ** assetDecimals);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the amount of an asset that corresponds to a given USD value
     * @param usdValue The USD value
     * @param asset The address of the asset
     * @return assetAmount The amount of the asset
     */
    function assetAmountFromValue(
        uint256 usdValue,
        address asset
    ) public view returns (uint256 assetAmount) {
        uint256 assetPrice = oracle.getAssetPrice(asset);
        uint8 assetDecimals = IERC20Metadata(asset).decimals();
        return (usdValue * (10 ** assetDecimals)) / assetPrice;
    }

    /* Collateral management */

    /**
     * @notice Allows a new collateral asset
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset
     */
    function allowCollateral(
        address collateralAsset
    ) public onlyRole(COLLATERAL_MANAGER_ROLE) {
        if (_supportedCollaterals.contains(collateralAsset)) {
            revert CollateralAlreadyAllowed(collateralAsset);
        }
        if (oracle.getAssetPrice(collateralAsset) == 0) {
            revert NoOracleSupport(collateralAsset);
        }
        if (!_supportedCollaterals.add(collateralAsset)) {
            revert FailedToAddCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }
        emit CollateralAllowed(collateralAsset);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Disallows a previously supported collateral asset
     * @dev Requires at least one collateral asset to remain supported
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset to disallow
     */
    function disallowCollateral(
        address collateralAsset
    ) public onlyRole(COLLATERAL_MANAGER_ROLE) {
        if (!_supportedCollaterals.contains(collateralAsset)) {
            revert CollateralNotSupported(collateralAsset);
        }
        if (_supportedCollaterals.length() <= 1) {
            revert MustSupportAtLeastOneCollateral();
        }
        if (!_supportedCollaterals.remove(collateralAsset)) {
            revert FailedToRemoveCollateral(collateralAsset);
        }

        emit CollateralDisallowed(collateralAsset);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if a given asset is supported as collateral
     * @param collateralAsset The address of the collateral asset to check
     * @return bool True if the asset is supported, false otherwise
     */
    function isCollateralSupported(
        address collateralAsset
    ) public view returns (bool) {
        return _supportedCollaterals.contains(collateralAsset);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a list of all supported collateral assets
     * @return address[] Array of collateral asset addresses
     */
    function listCollateral() public view returns (address[] memory) {
        return _supportedCollaterals.values();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the total USD value of all supported collateral assets in the vault
     * @dev Iterates through all supported collaterals and sums their USD values
     * @return uint256 The total value in USD
     */
    function _totalValueOfSupportedCollaterals()
        internal
        view
        returns (uint256)
    {
        uint256 totalUsdValue = 0;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _supportedCollaterals.length(); i++) {
            address collateral = _supportedCollaterals.at(i);
            uint256 collateralPrice = oracle.getAssetPrice(collateral);
            uint8 collateralDecimals = IERC20Metadata(collateral).decimals();
            uint256 collateralValue = (collateralPrice *
                IERC20Metadata(collateral).balanceOf(address(this))) /
                (10 ** collateralDecimals);
            totalUsdValue += collateralValue;
        }
        return totalUsdValue;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/access/AccessControl.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/structs/EnumerableMap.sol";
import "src/shared/Constants.sol";
import "src/token/IERC20Stablecoin.sol";
import "src/dusd/AmoVault.sol";

/**
 * @title AmoManager
 * @dev Manages AMOs for dUSD
 * Handles allocation, deallocation, collateral management, and profit management for AMO vaults.
 */
contract AmoManager is AccessControl, OracleAware {
    using EnumerableMap for EnumerableMap.AddressToUintMap;

    /* Core state */

    EnumerableMap.AddressToUintMap private _amoVaults;
    uint256 public totalAllocated;
    IERC20Stablecoin public dusd;
    CollateralVault public collateralHolderVault;

    uint256 public immutable USD_UNIT;

    /* Events */

    event AmoVaultSet(address indexed amoVault, bool isActive);
    event AmoAllocated(address indexed amoVault, uint256 dusdAmount);
    event AmoDeallocated(address indexed amoVault, uint256 dusdAmount);
    event ProfitsWithdrawn(address indexed amoVault, uint256 amount);

    /* Roles */

    bytes32 public constant AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE =
        keccak256("AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant FEE_COLLECTOR_ROLE =
        keccak256("FEE_COLLECTOR_ROLE");

    /* Errors */

    error InactiveAmoVault(address amoVault);
    error AmoSupplyInvariantViolation(
        uint256 startingSupply,
        uint256 endingSupply
    );
    error AmoVaultAlreadyEnabled(address amoVault);
    error CannotTransferDUSD();
    error InsufficientProfits(
        uint256 takeProfitValueInUsd,
        int256 availableProfitInUsd
    );

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the AmoManager contract.
     * @param _dusd The address of the dUSD stablecoin.
     * @param _collateralHolderVault The address of the collateral holder vault.
     * @param _oracle The oracle for price feeds.
     */
    constructor(
        address _dusd,
        address _collateralHolderVault,
        IPriceOracleGetter _oracle
    ) OracleAware(_oracle, Constants.ORACLE_BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT) {
        dusd = IERC20Stablecoin(_dusd);
        collateralHolderVault = CollateralVault(_collateralHolderVault);

        USD_UNIT = oracle.BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT();

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE, msg.sender);
        grantRole(FEE_COLLECTOR_ROLE, msg.sender);
    }

    /* AMO */

    /**
     * @notice Allocates AMO tokens to an AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     * @param dusdAmount The amount of dUSD to allocate.
     */
    function allocateAmo(
        address amoVault,
        uint256 dusdAmount
    ) public onlyRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE) {
        uint256 startingAmoSupply = totalAmoSupply();

        // Make sure the vault is active
        if (!isAmoActive(amoVault)) {
            revert InactiveAmoVault(amoVault);
        }

        // Update the allocation for this vault
        (, uint256 currentAllocation) = _amoVaults.tryGet(amoVault);
        _amoVaults.set(amoVault, currentAllocation + dusdAmount);

        // Make the deposit
        totalAllocated += dusdAmount;
        dusd.transfer(amoVault, dusdAmount);

        // Check invariants
        uint256 endingAmoSupply = totalAmoSupply();
        if (endingAmoSupply != startingAmoSupply) {
            revert AmoSupplyInvariantViolation(
                startingAmoSupply,
                endingAmoSupply
            );
        }

        emit AmoAllocated(amoVault, dusdAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Deallocates AMO tokens from an AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     * @param dusdAmount The amount of dUSD to deallocate.
     */
    function deallocateAmo(
        address amoVault,
        uint256 dusdAmount
    ) public onlyRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE) {
        uint256 startingAmoSupply = totalAmoSupply();

        // We don't require that the vault is active or has allocation, since we want to allow withdrawing from inactive vaults

        // If the vault is still active, make sure it has enough allocation and decrease it
        (, uint256 currentAllocation) = _amoVaults.tryGet(amoVault);
        if (currentAllocation > 0) {
            // Update the allocation for this vault
            _amoVaults.set(amoVault, currentAllocation - dusdAmount);
        }

        // Make the withdrawal
        totalAllocated -= dusdAmount;
        dusd.transferFrom(amoVault, address(this), dusdAmount);

        // Check invariants
        uint256 endingAmoSupply = totalAmoSupply();
        if (endingAmoSupply != startingAmoSupply) {
            revert AmoSupplyInvariantViolation(
                startingAmoSupply,
                endingAmoSupply
            );
        }

        emit AmoDeallocated(amoVault, dusdAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the total AMO supply.
     * @return The total AMO supply.
     */
    function totalAmoSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 freeBalance = dusd.balanceOf(address(this));
        return freeBalance + totalAllocated;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Decreases the AMO supply by burning dUSD.
     * @param dusdAmount The amount of dUSD to burn.
     */
    function decreaseAmoSupply(
        uint256 dusdAmount
    ) public onlyRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE) {
        dusd.burn(dusdAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if an AMO vault is active.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault to check.
     * @return True if the AMO vault is active, false otherwise.
     */
    function isAmoActive(address amoVault) public view returns (bool) {
        return _amoVaults.contains(amoVault);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the allocation for a specific AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     * @return The current allocation for the vault.
     */
    function amoVaultAllocation(
        address amoVault
    ) public view returns (uint256) {
        (bool exists, uint256 allocation) = _amoVaults.tryGet(amoVault);
        return exists ? allocation : 0;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the list of all AMO vaults.
     * @return The list of AMO vault addresses.
     */
    function amoVaults() public view returns (address[] memory) {
        return _amoVaults.keys();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Enables an AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     */
    function enableAmoVault(
        address amoVault
    ) public onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_amoVaults.contains(amoVault)) {
            revert AmoVaultAlreadyEnabled(amoVault);
        }
        _amoVaults.set(amoVault, 0);
        emit AmoVaultSet(amoVault, true);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Disables an AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     */
    function disableAmoVault(
        address amoVault
    ) public onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (!_amoVaults.contains(amoVault)) {
            revert InactiveAmoVault(amoVault);
        }
        _amoVaults.remove(amoVault);
        emit AmoVaultSet(amoVault, false);
    }

    /* Collateral Management */

    /**
     * @notice Returns the total collateral value of all active AMO vaults.
     * @return The total collateral value in USD.
     */
    function totalCollateralValue() public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 totalUsdValue = 0;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _amoVaults.length(); i++) {
            (address vaultAddress, ) = _amoVaults.at(i);
            if (isAmoActive(vaultAddress)) {
                totalUsdValue += AmoVault(vaultAddress).totalCollateralValue();
            }
        }
        return totalUsdValue;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfers collateral from an AMO vault to the holding vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     * @param token The address of the collateral token to transfer.
     * @param amount The amount of collateral to transfer.
     */
    function transferFromAmoVaultToHoldingVault(
        address amoVault,
        address token,
        uint256 amount
    ) public onlyRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE) {
        if (token == address(dusd)) {
            revert CannotTransferDUSD();
        }

        // Update allocation
        // A note on why we modify AMO allocation when we withdraw collateral:
        // 1. When dUSD AMO enters the AMO vault, the dUSD is initially unbacked
        // 2. Over time the AMO vault accrues collateral in exchange for distributing dUSD
        // 3. We may be able to make better use of that collateral in a different collateral vault
        // 4. So we transfer the collateral out of the AMO vault, but at that point the dUSD that
        //    converted to that collateral is now free-floating and fully backed
        // 5. Thus we decrement the AMO allocation to reflect the fact that the dUSD is no longer
        //    unbacked, but is actually fully backed and circulating
        uint256 collateralUsdValue = collateralHolderVault.assetValueFromAmount(
            amount,
            token
        );
        uint256 collateralInDusd = usdValueToDusdAmount(collateralUsdValue);
        (, uint256 currentAllocation) = _amoVaults.tryGet(amoVault);
        _amoVaults.set(amoVault, currentAllocation - collateralInDusd);
        totalAllocated -= collateralInDusd;

        // Transfer the collateral
        AmoVault(amoVault).withdrawTo(
            address(collateralHolderVault),
            amount,
            token
        );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Transfers collateral from the holding vault to an AMO vault.
     * @param amoVault The address of the AMO vault.
     * @param token The address of the collateral token to transfer.
     * @param amount The amount of collateral to transfer.
     */
    function transferFromHoldingVaultToAmoVault(
        address amoVault,
        address token,
        uint256 amount
    ) public onlyRole(AMO_ALLOCATOR_ROLE) {
        if (token == address(dusd)) {
            revert CannotTransferDUSD();
        }
        if (!_amoVaults.contains(amoVault)) {
            revert InactiveAmoVault(amoVault);
        }

        // Update allocation
        // A note on why we modify AMO allocation when we deposit collateral:
        // 1. When we deposit collateral, it can be used to buy back dUSD
        // 2. When we buy back dUSD, the dUSD is now unbacked (a redemption)
        // 3. Thus any collateral deposited to an AMO vault can create unbacked dUSD,
        //    which means the AMO allocation for that vault must be increased to reflect this
        uint256 collateralUsdValue = collateralHolderVault.assetValueFromAmount(
            amount,
            token
        );
        uint256 collateralInDusd = usdValueToDusdAmount(collateralUsdValue);
        (, uint256 currentAllocation) = _amoVaults.tryGet(amoVault);
        _amoVaults.set(amoVault, currentAllocation + collateralInDusd);
        totalAllocated += collateralInDusd;

        // Transfer the collateral
        collateralHolderVault.withdrawTo(amoVault, amount, token);
    }

    /* Profit Management */

    /**
     * @notice Returns the available profit for a specific vault in USD.
     * @param vaultAddress The address of the AMO vault to check.
     * @return The available profit in USD (can be negative).
     */
    function availableVaultProfitsInUsd(
        address vaultAddress
    ) public view returns (int256) {
        uint256 totalVaultValueInUsd = AmoVault(vaultAddress).totalValue();
        uint256 allocatedDusd = amoVaultAllocation(vaultAddress);
        uint256 allocatedValueInUsd = dusdAmountToUsdValue(allocatedDusd);

        return int256(totalVaultValueInUsd) - int256(allocatedValueInUsd);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Withdraws profits from an AMO vault to a recipient.
     * @param amoVault The AMO vault from which to withdraw profits.
     * @param recipient The address to receive the profits.
     * @param takeProfitToken The collateral token to withdraw.
     * @param takeProfitAmount The amount of collateral to withdraw.
     * @return takeProfitValueInUsd The value of the withdrawn profits in USD.
     */
    function withdrawProfits(
        AmoVault amoVault,
        address recipient,
        address takeProfitToken,
        uint256 takeProfitAmount
    )
        public
        onlyRole(FEE_COLLECTOR_ROLE)
        returns (uint256 takeProfitValueInUsd)
    {
        // Leave open the possibility of withdrawing profits from inactive vaults

        takeProfitValueInUsd = amoVault.assetValueFromAmount(
            takeProfitAmount,
            takeProfitToken
        );

        int256 _availableProfitInUsd = availableVaultProfitsInUsd(
            address(amoVault)
        );

        // Make sure we are withdrawing less than the available profit
        if (
            _availableProfitInUsd <= 0 ||
            int256(takeProfitValueInUsd) > _availableProfitInUsd
        ) {
            revert InsufficientProfits(
                takeProfitValueInUsd,
                _availableProfitInUsd
            );
        }

        // Withdraw profits from the vault
        amoVault.withdrawTo(recipient, takeProfitAmount, takeProfitToken);

        emit ProfitsWithdrawn(address(amoVault), takeProfitValueInUsd);

        return takeProfitValueInUsd;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the total available profit across all AMO vaults in USD.
     * @return The total available profit in USD.
     */
    function availableProfitInUsd() public view returns (int256) {
        int256 totalProfit = 0;

        // Iterate through all AMO vaults
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < _amoVaults.length(); i++) {
            (address vaultAddress, ) = _amoVaults.at(i);

            if (isAmoActive(vaultAddress)) {
                totalProfit += availableVaultProfitsInUsd(vaultAddress);
            }
        }

        return totalProfit;
    }

    /* Utility */

    /**
     * @notice Converts a USD value to an equivalent amount of dUSD tokens.
     * @param usdValue The amount of USD value to convert.
     * @return The equivalent amount of dUSD tokens.
     */
    function usdValueToDusdAmount(
        uint256 usdValue
    ) public view returns (uint256) {
        uint8 dusdDecimals = dusd.decimals();
        return (usdValue * (10 ** dusdDecimals)) / USD_UNIT;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Converts an amount of dUSD tokens to an equivalent USD value.
     * @param dusdAmount The amount of dUSD tokens to convert.
     * @return The equivalent amount of USD value.
     */
    function dusdAmountToUsdValue(
        uint256 dusdAmount
    ) public view returns (uint256) {
        uint8 dusdDecimals = dusd.decimals();
        return
            (dusdAmount * oracle.getAssetPrice(address(dusd))) /
            (10 ** dusdDecimals);
    }

    /* Admin */

    /**
     * @notice Sets the collateral vault address
     * @param _collateralVault The address of the new collateral vault
     */
    function setCollateralVault(
        address _collateralVault
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        collateralHolderVault = CollateralVault(_collateralVault);
    }
}

/**
 * @title ICollateralSum
 * @dev Interface for contracts that can provide total collateral value.
 */
interface ICollateralSum {
    /**
     * @notice Returns the total collateral value of the implementing contract.
     * @return The total collateral value in base value (e.g., USD).
     */
    function totalCollateralValue() external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/access/AccessControl.sol";
import "src/lending/core/interfaces/IPriceOracleGetter.sol";

/**
 * @title OracleAware
 * @notice Abstract contract that provides oracle functionality to other contracts
 */
abstract contract OracleAware is AccessControl {
    /* Core state */

    IPriceOracleGetter public oracle;
    uint256 public baseCurrencyUnit;

    /* Events */

    event OracleSet(address indexed newOracle);

    /* Errors */

    error IncorrectBaseCurrencyUnit(uint256 baseCurrencyUnit);

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the contract with an oracle and base currency unit
     * @param initialOracle The initial oracle to use for price feeds
     * @param _baseCurrencyUnit The base currency unit for price calculations
     * @dev Sets up the initial oracle and base currency unit values
     */
    constructor(IPriceOracleGetter initialOracle, uint256 _baseCurrencyUnit) {
        oracle = initialOracle;
        baseCurrencyUnit = _baseCurrencyUnit;

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, msg.sender);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the oracle to use for collateral valuation
     * @param newOracle The new oracle to use
     */
    function setOracle(
        IPriceOracleGetter newOracle
    ) public onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (newOracle.BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT() != baseCurrencyUnit) {
            revert IncorrectBaseCurrencyUnit(baseCurrencyUnit);
        }

        oracle = newOracle;

        emit OracleSet(address(newOracle));
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the base currency unit used for price calculations
     * @param _newBaseCurrencyUnit The new base currency unit to set
     * @dev Only used if the oracle's base currency unit changes
     */
    function setBaseCurrencyUnit(
        uint256 _newBaseCurrencyUnit
    ) public onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        baseCurrencyUnit = _newBaseCurrencyUnit;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

library BasisPointConstants {
    uint256 public constant BASIS_POINTS = 10000;
    uint256 public constant MAX_BASIS_POINTS = 10000;
    uint256 public constant ONE_PERCENT_BPS = 100;
    uint256 public constant ONE_HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS = 10000;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20MetadataUpgradeable is IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract ContextUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __Context_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __Context_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControlUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role
     * bearer except when using {AccessControl-_setupRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `account`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./math/MathUpgradeable.sol";
import "./math/SignedMathUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library StringsUpgradeable {
    bytes16 private constant _SYMBOLS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant _ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = MathUpgradeable.log10(value) + 1;
            string memory buffer = new string(length);
            uint256 ptr;
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
            }
            while (true) {
                ptr--;
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), _SYMBOLS))
                }
                value /= 10;
                if (value == 0) break;
            }
            return buffer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return string(abi.encodePacked(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMathUpgradeable.abs(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            return toHexString(value, MathUpgradeable.log256(value) + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = _SYMBOLS[value & 0xf];
            value >>= 4;
        }
        require(value == 0, "Strings: hex length insufficient");
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), _ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal.
     */
    function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Alternatively, {ERC165Storage} provides an easier to use but more expensive implementation.
 */
abstract contract ERC165Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC165Upgradeable {
    function __ERC165_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC165_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165Upgradeable).interfaceId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20PermitUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../StringsUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSAUpgradeable {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS,
        InvalidSignatureV // Deprecated in v4.8
    }

    function _throwError(RecoverError error) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature length");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 's' value");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature` or error string. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
        uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
        return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.2._
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature);
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from a `hash`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 hash) internal pure returns (bytes32 message) {
        // 32 is the length in bytes of hash,
        // enforced by the type signature above
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32")
            mstore(0x1c, hash)
            message := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from `s`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory s) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", StringsUpgradeable.toString(s.length), s));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Typed Data, created from a
     * `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`. This produces hash corresponding
     * to the one signed with the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 data) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(ptr, "\x19\x01")
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash)
            data := keccak256(ptr, 0x42)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Data with intended validator, created from a
     * `validator` and `data` according to the version 0 of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x00", validator, data));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.8;

import "./ECDSAUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IERC5267Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding specified in the EIP is very generic, and such a generic implementation in Solidity is not feasible,
 * thus this contract does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding
 * they need in their contracts using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * NOTE: In the upgradeable version of this contract, the cached values will correspond to the address, and the domain
 * separator of the implementation contract. This will cause the `_domainSeparatorV4` function to always rebuild the
 * separator from the immutable values, which is cheaper than accessing a cached version in cold storage.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 *
 * @custom:storage-size 52
 */
abstract contract EIP712Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC5267Upgradeable {
    bytes32 private constant _TYPE_HASH =
        keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");

    /// @custom:oz-renamed-from _HASHED_NAME
    bytes32 private _hashedName;
    /// @custom:oz-renamed-from _HASHED_VERSION
    bytes32 private _hashedVersion;

    string private _name;
    string private _version;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    function __EIP712_init(string memory name, string memory version) internal onlyInitializing {
        __EIP712_init_unchained(name, version);
    }

    function __EIP712_init_unchained(string memory name, string memory version) internal onlyInitializing {
        _name = name;
        _version = version;

        // Reset prior values in storage if upgrading
        _hashedName = 0;
        _hashedVersion = 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        return _buildDomainSeparator();
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(_TYPE_HASH, _EIP712NameHash(), _EIP712VersionHash(), block.chainid, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return ECDSAUpgradeable.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {EIP-5267}.
     *
     * _Available since v4.9._
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        public
        view
        virtual
        override
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        )
    {
        // If the hashed name and version in storage are non-zero, the contract hasn't been properly initialized
        // and the EIP712 domain is not reliable, as it will be missing name and version.
        require(_hashedName == 0 && _hashedVersion == 0, "EIP712: Uninitialized");

        return (
            hex"0f", // 01111
            _EIP712Name(),
            _EIP712Version(),
            block.chainid,
            address(this),
            bytes32(0),
            new uint256[](0)
        );
    }

    /**
     * @dev The name parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: This function reads from storage by default, but can be redefined to return a constant value if gas costs
     * are a concern.
     */
    function _EIP712Name() internal virtual view returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev The version parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: This function reads from storage by default, but can be redefined to return a constant value if gas costs
     * are a concern.
     */
    function _EIP712Version() internal virtual view returns (string memory) {
        return _version;
    }

    /**
     * @dev The hash of the name parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: In previous versions this function was virtual. In this version you should override `_EIP712Name` instead.
     */
    function _EIP712NameHash() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        string memory name = _EIP712Name();
        if (bytes(name).length > 0) {
            return keccak256(bytes(name));
        } else {
            // If the name is empty, the contract may have been upgraded without initializing the new storage.
            // We return the name hash in storage if non-zero, otherwise we assume the name is empty by design.
            bytes32 hashedName = _hashedName;
            if (hashedName != 0) {
                return hashedName;
            } else {
                return keccak256("");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev The hash of the version parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: In previous versions this function was virtual. In this version you should override `_EIP712Version` instead.
     */
    function _EIP712VersionHash() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        string memory version = _EIP712Version();
        if (bytes(version).length > 0) {
            return keccak256(bytes(version));
        } else {
            // If the version is empty, the contract may have been upgraded without initializing the new storage.
            // We return the version hash in storage if non-zero, otherwise we assume the version is empty by design.
            bytes32 hashedVersion = _hashedVersion;
            if (hashedVersion != 0) {
                return hashedVersion;
            } else {
                return keccak256("");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[48] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Counters.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title Counters
 * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
 * @dev Provides counters that can only be incremented, decremented or reset. This can be used e.g. to track the number
 * of elements in a mapping, issuing ERC721 ids, or counting request ids.
 *
 * Include with `using Counters for Counters.Counter;`
 */
library CountersUpgradeable {
    struct Counter {
        // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
        // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
        // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
        uint256 _value; // default: 0
    }

    function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return counter._value;
    }

    function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
        unchecked {
            counter._value += 1;
        }
    }

    function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
        uint256 value = counter._value;
        require(value > 0, "Counter: decrement overflow");
        unchecked {
            counter._value = value - 1;
        }
    }

    function reset(Counter storage counter) internal {
        counter._value = 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC3156 FlashBorrower, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3156[ERC-3156].
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Receive a flash loan.
     * @param initiator The initiator of the loan.
     * @param token The loan currency.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens lent.
     * @param fee The additional amount of tokens to repay.
     * @param data Arbitrary data structure, intended to contain user-defined parameters.
     * @return The keccak256 hash of "ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan"
     */
    function onFlashLoan(
        address initiator,
        address token,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (interfaces/IERC3156FlashLender.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC3156 FlashLender, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3156[ERC-3156].
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC3156FlashLenderUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev The amount of currency available to be lended.
     * @param token The loan currency.
     * @return The amount of `token` that can be borrowed.
     */
    function maxFlashLoan(address token) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev The fee to be charged for a given loan.
     * @param token The loan currency.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens lent.
     * @return The amount of `token` to be charged for the loan, on top of the returned principal.
     */
    function flashFee(address token, uint256 amount) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Initiate a flash loan.
     * @param receiver The receiver of the tokens in the loan, and the receiver of the callback.
     * @param token The loan currency.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens lent.
     * @param data Arbitrary data structure, intended to contain user-defined parameters.
     */
    function flashLoan(
        IERC3156FlashBorrowerUpgradeable receiver,
        address token,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library AddressUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     *
     * Furthermore, `isContract` will also return true if the target contract within
     * the same transaction is already scheduled for destruction by `SELFDESTRUCT`,
     * which only has an effect at the end of a transaction.
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.0/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/structs/EnumerableSet.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/EnumerableSet.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Library for managing
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)[sets] of primitive
 * types.
 *
 * Sets have the following properties:
 *
 * - Elements are added, removed, and checked for existence in constant time
 * (O(1)).
 * - Elements are enumerated in O(n). No guarantees are made on the ordering.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *     // Add the library methods
 *     using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;
 *
 *     // Declare a set state variable
 *     EnumerableSet.AddressSet private mySet;
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * As of v3.3.0, sets of type `bytes32` (`Bytes32Set`), `address` (`AddressSet`)
 * and `uint256` (`UintSet`) are supported.
 *
 * [WARNING]
 * ====
 * Trying to delete such a structure from storage will likely result in data corruption, rendering the structure
 * unusable.
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/pull/11843[ethereum/solidity#11843] for more info.
 *
 * In order to clean an EnumerableSet, you can either remove all elements one by one or create a fresh instance using an
 * array of EnumerableSet.
 * ====
 */
library EnumerableSet {
    // To implement this library for multiple types with as little code
    // repetition as possible, we write it in terms of a generic Set type with
    // bytes32 values.
    // The Set implementation uses private functions, and user-facing
    // implementations (such as AddressSet) are just wrappers around the
    // underlying Set.
    // This means that we can only create new EnumerableSets for types that fit
    // in bytes32.

    struct Set {
        // Storage of set values
        bytes32[] _values;
        // Position is the index of the value in the `values` array plus 1.
        // Position 0 is used to mean a value is not in the set.
        mapping(bytes32 value => uint256) _positions;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function _add(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        if (!_contains(set, value)) {
            set._values.push(value);
            // The value is stored at length-1, but we add 1 to all indexes
            // and use 0 as a sentinel value
            set._positions[value] = set._values.length;
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function _remove(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        // We cache the value's position to prevent multiple reads from the same storage slot
        uint256 position = set._positions[value];

        if (position != 0) {
            // Equivalent to contains(set, value)
            // To delete an element from the _values array in O(1), we swap the element to delete with the last one in
            // the array, and then remove the last element (sometimes called as 'swap and pop').
            // This modifies the order of the array, as noted in {at}.

            uint256 valueIndex = position - 1;
            uint256 lastIndex = set._values.length - 1;

            if (valueIndex != lastIndex) {
                bytes32 lastValue = set._values[lastIndex];

                // Move the lastValue to the index where the value to delete is
                set._values[valueIndex] = lastValue;
                // Update the tracked position of the lastValue (that was just moved)
                set._positions[lastValue] = position;
            }

            // Delete the slot where the moved value was stored
            set._values.pop();

            // Delete the tracked position for the deleted slot
            delete set._positions[value];

            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function _contains(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private view returns (bool) {
        return set._positions[value] != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values on the set. O(1).
     */
    function _length(Set storage set) private view returns (uint256) {
        return set._values.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function _at(Set storage set, uint256 index) private view returns (bytes32) {
        return set._values[index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function _values(Set storage set) private view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return set._values;
    }

    // Bytes32Set

    struct Bytes32Set {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(Bytes32Set storage set, bytes32 value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(Bytes32Set storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(Bytes32Set storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32) {
        return _at(set._inner, index);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(Bytes32Set storage set) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        bytes32[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // AddressSet

    struct AddressSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(AddressSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(AddressSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (address) {
        return address(uint160(uint256(_at(set._inner, index))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(AddressSet storage set) internal view returns (address[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        address[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // UintSet

    struct UintSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(UintSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(UintSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(_at(set._inner, index));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the entire set in an array
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the set grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function values(UintSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = _values(set._inner);
        uint256[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

library Constants {
    // Shared definitions of how we represent percentages and basis points
    uint16 public constant ONE_BPS = 100; // 1 basis point with 2 decimals
    uint32 public constant ONE_PERCENT_BPS = ONE_BPS * 100;
    uint32 public constant ONE_HUNDRED_PERCENT_BPS = ONE_PERCENT_BPS * 100;

    uint32 public constant ORACLE_BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT = 1e8;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title IPriceOracleGetter
 * @author Aave
 * @notice Interface for the Aave price oracle.
 */
interface IPriceOracleGetter {
    /**
     * @notice Returns the base currency address
     * @dev Address 0x0 is reserved for USD as base currency.
     * @return Returns the base currency address.
     */
    function BASE_CURRENCY() external view returns (address);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the base currency unit
     * @dev 1 ether for ETH, 1e8 for USD.
     * @return Returns the base currency unit.
     */
    function BASE_CURRENCY_UNIT() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Returns the asset price in the base currency
     * @param asset The address of the asset
     * @return The price of the asset
     */
    function getAssetPrice(address asset) external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/structs/EnumerableMap.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/EnumerableMap.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {EnumerableSet} from "./EnumerableSet.sol";

/**
 * @dev Library for managing an enumerable variant of Solidity's
 * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/types.html#mapping-types[`mapping`]
 * type.
 *
 * Maps have the following properties:
 *
 * - Entries are added, removed, and checked for existence in constant time
 * (O(1)).
 * - Entries are enumerated in O(n). No guarantees are made on the ordering.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *     // Add the library methods
 *     using EnumerableMap for EnumerableMap.UintToAddressMap;
 *
 *     // Declare a set state variable
 *     EnumerableMap.UintToAddressMap private myMap;
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * The following map types are supported:
 *
 * - `uint256 -> address` (`UintToAddressMap`) since v3.0.0
 * - `address -> uint256` (`AddressToUintMap`) since v4.6.0
 * - `bytes32 -> bytes32` (`Bytes32ToBytes32Map`) since v4.6.0
 * - `uint256 -> uint256` (`UintToUintMap`) since v4.7.0
 * - `bytes32 -> uint256` (`Bytes32ToUintMap`) since v4.7.0
 *
 * [WARNING]
 * ====
 * Trying to delete such a structure from storage will likely result in data corruption, rendering the structure
 * unusable.
 * See https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/pull/11843[ethereum/solidity#11843] for more info.
 *
 * In order to clean an EnumerableMap, you can either remove all elements one by one or create a fresh instance using an
 * array of EnumerableMap.
 * ====
 */
library EnumerableMap {
    using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.Bytes32Set;

    // To implement this library for multiple types with as little code repetition as possible, we write it in
    // terms of a generic Map type with bytes32 keys and values. The Map implementation uses private functions,
    // and user-facing implementations such as `UintToAddressMap` are just wrappers around the underlying Map.
    // This means that we can only create new EnumerableMaps for types that fit in bytes32.

    /**
     * @dev Query for a nonexistent map key.
     */
    error EnumerableMapNonexistentKey(bytes32 key);

    struct Bytes32ToBytes32Map {
        // Storage of keys
        EnumerableSet.Bytes32Set _keys;
        mapping(bytes32 key => bytes32) _values;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds a key-value pair to a map, or updates the value for an existing
     * key. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was added to the map, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function set(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, bytes32 key, bytes32 value) internal returns (bool) {
        map._values[key] = value;
        return map._keys.add(key);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a key-value pair from a map. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was removed from the map, that is if it was present.
     */
    function remove(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, bytes32 key) internal returns (bool) {
        delete map._values[key];
        return map._keys.remove(key);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the key is in the map. O(1).
     */
    function contains(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return map._keys.contains(key);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of key-value pairs in the map. O(1).
     */
    function length(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return map._keys.length();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the key-value pair stored at position `index` in the map. O(1).
     *
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of entries inside the
     * array, and it may change when more entries are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32, bytes32) {
        bytes32 key = map._keys.at(index);
        return (key, map._values[key]);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tries to returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     * Does not revert if `key` is not in the map.
     */
    function tryGet(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (bool, bytes32) {
        bytes32 value = map._values[key];
        if (value == bytes32(0)) {
            return (contains(map, key), bytes32(0));
        } else {
            return (true, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `key` must be in the map.
     */
    function get(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (bytes32) {
        bytes32 value = map._values[key];
        if (value == 0 && !contains(map, key)) {
            revert EnumerableMapNonexistentKey(key);
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the an array containing all the keys
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the map grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function keys(Bytes32ToBytes32Map storage map) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        return map._keys.values();
    }

    // UintToUintMap

    struct UintToUintMap {
        Bytes32ToBytes32Map _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds a key-value pair to a map, or updates the value for an existing
     * key. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was added to the map, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function set(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 key, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return set(map._inner, bytes32(key), bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a map. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was removed from the map, that is if it was present.
     */
    function remove(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 key) internal returns (bool) {
        return remove(map._inner, bytes32(key));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the key is in the map. O(1).
     */
    function contains(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return contains(map._inner, bytes32(key));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of elements in the map. O(1).
     */
    function length(UintToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return length(map._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the element stored at position `index` in the map. O(1).
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 index) internal view returns (uint256, uint256) {
        (bytes32 key, bytes32 value) = at(map._inner, index);
        return (uint256(key), uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tries to returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     * Does not revert if `key` is not in the map.
     */
    function tryGet(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (bool, uint256) {
        (bool success, bytes32 value) = tryGet(map._inner, bytes32(key));
        return (success, uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `key` must be in the map.
     */
    function get(UintToUintMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(get(map._inner, bytes32(key)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the an array containing all the keys
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the map grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function keys(UintToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = keys(map._inner);
        uint256[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // UintToAddressMap

    struct UintToAddressMap {
        Bytes32ToBytes32Map _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds a key-value pair to a map, or updates the value for an existing
     * key. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was added to the map, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function set(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 key, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return set(map._inner, bytes32(key), bytes32(uint256(uint160(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a map. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was removed from the map, that is if it was present.
     */
    function remove(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 key) internal returns (bool) {
        return remove(map._inner, bytes32(key));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the key is in the map. O(1).
     */
    function contains(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return contains(map._inner, bytes32(key));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of elements in the map. O(1).
     */
    function length(UintToAddressMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return length(map._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the element stored at position `index` in the map. O(1).
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 index) internal view returns (uint256, address) {
        (bytes32 key, bytes32 value) = at(map._inner, index);
        return (uint256(key), address(uint160(uint256(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tries to returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     * Does not revert if `key` is not in the map.
     */
    function tryGet(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (bool, address) {
        (bool success, bytes32 value) = tryGet(map._inner, bytes32(key));
        return (success, address(uint160(uint256(value))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `key` must be in the map.
     */
    function get(UintToAddressMap storage map, uint256 key) internal view returns (address) {
        return address(uint160(uint256(get(map._inner, bytes32(key)))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the an array containing all the keys
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the map grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function keys(UintToAddressMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = keys(map._inner);
        uint256[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // AddressToUintMap

    struct AddressToUintMap {
        Bytes32ToBytes32Map _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds a key-value pair to a map, or updates the value for an existing
     * key. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was added to the map, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function set(AddressToUintMap storage map, address key, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return set(map._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(key))), bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a map. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was removed from the map, that is if it was present.
     */
    function remove(AddressToUintMap storage map, address key) internal returns (bool) {
        return remove(map._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(key))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the key is in the map. O(1).
     */
    function contains(AddressToUintMap storage map, address key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return contains(map._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(key))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of elements in the map. O(1).
     */
    function length(AddressToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return length(map._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the element stored at position `index` in the map. O(1).
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(AddressToUintMap storage map, uint256 index) internal view returns (address, uint256) {
        (bytes32 key, bytes32 value) = at(map._inner, index);
        return (address(uint160(uint256(key))), uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tries to returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     * Does not revert if `key` is not in the map.
     */
    function tryGet(AddressToUintMap storage map, address key) internal view returns (bool, uint256) {
        (bool success, bytes32 value) = tryGet(map._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(key))));
        return (success, uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `key` must be in the map.
     */
    function get(AddressToUintMap storage map, address key) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(get(map._inner, bytes32(uint256(uint160(key)))));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the an array containing all the keys
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the map grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function keys(AddressToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (address[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = keys(map._inner);
        address[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }

    // Bytes32ToUintMap

    struct Bytes32ToUintMap {
        Bytes32ToBytes32Map _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Adds a key-value pair to a map, or updates the value for an existing
     * key. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was added to the map, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function set(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, bytes32 key, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return set(map._inner, key, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a map. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the key was removed from the map, that is if it was present.
     */
    function remove(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, bytes32 key) internal returns (bool) {
        return remove(map._inner, key);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the key is in the map. O(1).
     */
    function contains(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return contains(map._inner, key);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of elements in the map. O(1).
     */
    function length(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return length(map._inner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the element stored at position `index` in the map. O(1).
     * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
     * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
     */
    function at(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32, uint256) {
        (bytes32 key, bytes32 value) = at(map._inner, index);
        return (key, uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tries to returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     * Does not revert if `key` is not in the map.
     */
    function tryGet(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (bool, uint256) {
        (bool success, bytes32 value) = tryGet(map._inner, key);
        return (success, uint256(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value associated with `key`. O(1).
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `key` must be in the map.
     */
    function get(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map, bytes32 key) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(get(map._inner, key));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the an array containing all the keys
     *
     * WARNING: This operation will copy the entire storage to memory, which can be quite expensive. This is designed
     * to mostly be used by view accessors that are queried without any gas fees. Developers should keep in mind that
     * this function has an unbounded cost, and using it as part of a state-changing function may render the function
     * uncallable if the map grows to a point where copying to memory consumes too much gas to fit in a block.
     */
    function keys(Bytes32ToUintMap storage map) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
        bytes32[] memory store = keys(map._inner);
        bytes32[] memory result;

        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            result := store
        }

        return result;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

interface IERC20Stablecoin is IERC20 {
    function mint(address to, uint256 amount) external;

    function burn(uint256 amount) external;

    function burnFrom(address account, uint256 amount) external;

    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/* ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 *    _____     ______   ______     __     __   __     __     ______   __  __       *
 *   /\  __-.  /\__  _\ /\  == \   /\ \   /\ "-.\ \   /\ \   /\__  _\ /\ \_\ \      *
 *   \ \ \/\ \ \/_/\ \/ \ \  __<   \ \ \  \ \ \-.  \  \ \ \  \/_/\ \/ \ \____ \     *
 *    \ \____-    \ \_\  \ \_\ \_\  \ \_\  \ \_\\"\_\  \ \_\    \ \_\  \/\_____\    *
 *     \/____/     \/_/   \/_/ /_/   \/_/   \/_/ \/_/   \/_/     \/_/   \/_____/    *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ————————————————————————————————— dtrinity.org ————————————————————————————————— *
 *                                                                                  *
 *                                         ▲                                        *
 *                                        ▲ ▲                                       *
 *                                                                                  *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— *
 * dTRINITY Protocol: https://github.com/dtrinity                                   *
 * ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— */

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "src/token/IERC20Stablecoin.sol";
import "src/dusd/AmoManager.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/Address.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import "src/dusd/CollateralVault.sol";

interface IRecoverable {
    function recoverERC20(address token, address to, uint256 amount) external;

    function recoverETH(address to, uint256 amount) external;
}

/**
 * @title AmoVault
 * @notice Base contract for AMO (Algorithmic Market Operations) vaults that manage dUSD and collateral assets
 */
abstract contract AmoVault is CollateralVault, IRecoverable, ReentrancyGuard {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using Address for address payable;

    /* Core state */

    IERC20Stablecoin public immutable dusd;
    uint8 public immutable dusdDecimals;
    AmoManager public amoManager;

    /* Roles */

    bytes32 public constant RECOVERER_ROLE = keccak256("RECOVERER_ROLE");

    /* Errors */

    error CannotRecoverVaultToken(address token);
    error InvalidAmoManager();

    constructor(
        address _dusd,
        address _amoManager,
        address _admin,
        address _collateralWithdrawer,
        address _recoverer,
        IPriceOracleGetter _oracle
    ) CollateralVault(_oracle) {
        dusd = IERC20Stablecoin(_dusd);
        dusdDecimals = IERC20Metadata(_dusd).decimals();
        amoManager = AmoManager(_amoManager);
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, _admin);
        grantRole(COLLATERAL_WITHDRAWER_ROLE, _collateralWithdrawer);
        grantRole(RECOVERER_ROLE, _recoverer);
        approveAmoManager();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Approves the AmoManager to spend dUSD on behalf of this contract
     * @dev Only callable by the contract owner or an account with the DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE
     */
    function approveAmoManager() public onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        dusd.approve(address(amoManager), type(uint256).max);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets a new AmoManager address
     * @param _newAmoManager The address of the new AmoManager
     * @dev Only callable by an account with the DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE
     */
    function setAmoManager(
        address _newAmoManager
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_newAmoManager == address(0)) revert InvalidAmoManager();

        // Reset allowance for old AMO manager
        dusd.approve(address(amoManager), 0);

        // Set new AMO manager
        amoManager = AmoManager(_newAmoManager);

        // Approve new AMO manager
        approveAmoManager();
    }

    /* Recovery */

    /**
     * @notice Recovers ERC20 tokens accidentally sent to the contract
     * @param token The address of the token to recover
     * @param to The address to send the tokens to
     * @param amount The amount of tokens to recover
     */
    function recoverERC20(
        address token,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyRole(RECOVERER_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        if (token == address(dusd) || isCollateralSupported(token)) {
            revert CannotRecoverVaultToken(token);
        }
        IERC20(token).safeTransfer(to, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Recovers ETH accidentally sent to the contract
     * @param to The address to send the ETH to
     * @param amount The amount of ETH to recover
     */
    function recoverETH(
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external onlyRole(RECOVERER_ROLE) {
        payable(to).sendValue(amount);
    }

    /* Virtual functions */

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the total value of non-dUSD collateral assets in the vault
     * @return The total value of collateral assets denominated in the base currency (e.g., USD)
     * @dev Must be implemented by derived contracts
     */
    function totalCollateralValue() public view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the total value of dUSD holdings in the vault
     * @return The total value of dUSD holdings denominated in the base currency (e.g., USD)
     * @dev Must be implemented by derived contracts
     */
    function totalDusdValue() public view virtual returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library MathUpgradeable {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1, "Math: mulDiv overflow");

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 10 ** result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << (result << 3) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMathUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // must be unchecked in order to support `n = type(int256).min`
            return uint256(n >= 0 ? n : -n);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (interfaces/IERC5267.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface IERC5267Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed.
     */
    event EIP712DomainChanged();

    /**
     * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712
     * signature.
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        external
        view
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        );
}

{
  "remappings": [
    "@openzeppelin/contracts/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/contracts/",
    "@openzeppelin/contracts-5/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/contracts/",
    "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/",
    "@solmate/=lib/solmate/src/",
    "@rari-capital/solmate/=lib/solmate/src/",
    "@uniswap/v2-core/=lib/v2-core/contracts/",
    "@uniswap/v3-core/=lib/v3-core/contracts/",
    "@uniswap/v3-periphery/=lib/v3-periphery/contracts/",
    "@morphodao/morpho-core-v1/=lib/morpho-core-v1/",
    "@curvefi/api/=lib/curve-api/",
    "forge-std/=lib/forge-std/src/",
    "src/=src/",
    "lib/=lib/",
    "contracts/=src/",
    "ds-test/=lib/solmate/lib/ds-test/src/",
    "erc4626-tests/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/lib/erc4626-tests/",
    "openzeppelin-contracts-5/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/",
    "openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/",
    "openzeppelin-contracts/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/contracts/",
    "openzeppelin/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/",
    "solmate/=lib/solmate/src/",
    "v2-core/=lib/v2-core/contracts/",
    "v3-core/=lib/v3-core/",
    "v3-periphery/=lib/v3-periphery/contracts/",
    "weird-erc20/=lib/solmate/lib/weird-erc20/src/",
    "halmos-cheatcodes/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-5/lib/halmos-cheatcodes/src/",
    "openzeppelin-contracts-3.4.2/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-3.4.2/contracts/",
    "openzeppelin-contracts-4.6/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-4.6/"
  ],
  "optimizer": {
    "enabled": true,
    "runs": 200
  },
  "metadata": {
    "useLiteralContent": false,
    "bytecodeHash": "ipfs",
    "appendCBOR": true
  },
  "outputSelection": {
    "*": {
      "*": [
        "evm.bytecode",
        "evm.deployedBytecode",
        "devdoc",
        "userdoc",
        "metadata",
        "abi"
      ]
    }
  },
  "evmVersion": "shanghai",
  "viaIR": true
}

• No Contract Security Audit Submitted- Submit Audit Here

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IssuerV2","name":"","type":"address"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"initiator","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"amount","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"fee","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"bytes","name":"data","type":"bytes"}],"name":"onFlashLoan","outputs":[{"internalType":"bytes32","name":"","type":"bytes32"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"pause","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"paused","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"redeemer","outputs":[{"internalType":"contract RedeemerV2","name":"","type":"address"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"bytes32","name":"role","type":"bytes32"},{"internalType":"address","name":"callerConfirmation","type":"address"}],"name":"renounceRole","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"amount","type":"uint256"}],"name":"rescueETH","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"token","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"to","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"amount","type":"uint256"}],"name":"rescueTokens","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"bytes32","name":"role","type":"bytes32"},{"internalType":"address","name":"account","type":"address"}],"name":"revokeRole","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"_issuer","type":"address"}],"name":"setIssuer","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"_redeemer","type":"address"}],"name":"setRedeemer","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"bytes4","name":"interfaceId","type":"bytes4"}],"name":"supportsInterface","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"unpause","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"receive"}]

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000000000000000000000000788d96f655735f52c676a133f4dfc53cec614d4a00000000000000000000000046d2487cdbea04411c49e6c55ace805bfa8f5de5000000000000000000000000d95f1cfd9559b6e4d75488938de161a147f9fbca000000000000000000000000acd97c7d23a0534d79439b8d065d6d9d772ec9490000000000000000000000009ce33be219e7d45d36c08e2097e4c1d156fe99c5

-----Decoded View---------------
Arg [0] : _dstable (address): 0x788D96f655735f52c676A133f4dFC53cEC614d4A
Arg [1] : _fraxswapRouter (address): 0x46D2487CdbeA04411C49e6c55aCE805bfA8f5dE5
Arg [2] : _issuer (address): 0xd95f1cFD9559B6e4D75488938DE161a147F9FbCa
Arg [3] : _redeemer (address): 0xACD97c7d23A0534d79439B8d065D6D9D772Ec949
Arg [4] : _operator (address): 0x9cE33bE219E7d45D36C08E2097e4C1d156FE99C5

-----Encoded View---------------
5 Constructor Arguments found :
Arg [0] : 000000000000000000000000788d96f655735f52c676a133f4dfc53cec614d4a
Arg [1] : 00000000000000000000000046d2487cdbea04411c49e6c55ace805bfa8f5de5
Arg [2] : 000000000000000000000000d95f1cfd9559b6e4d75488938de161a147f9fbca
Arg [3] : 000000000000000000000000acd97c7d23a0534d79439b8d065d6d9d772ec949
Arg [4] : 0000000000000000000000009ce33be219e7d45d36c08e2097e4c1d156fe99c5